1. Investigative Resources
EIGHT
Investigative Resources

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Outline the intelligence/analytical cycle
Understand various components of crime analysis
Assess criminal profiling and its criticisms
Discuss the organized/disorganized offender model
Explain the practice of investigative psychology
Describe behavioral evidence analysis
Discuss the practice of geoprofiling
Recognize financial difficulty indicators used in financial analysis
Identify three major components of NCAVC and the services they provide
Describe the functions of NCIC and CODIS
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3. THE INTELLIGENCE/ANALYTICAL CYCLE
The intelligence/analytical cycle is a five-step process which is continuous:
Planning and Direction. The intelligence/analytical process must be managed from identifying the focus of the intelligence effort to delivering the finished product to the police unit requesting it.
Collection and Management. Collection is the gathering and managing of raw data/information which is then analyzed to produce the finished product.
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4. THE INTELLIGENCE/ANALYTICAL CYCLE (cont'd)
Processing. Processing is how raw information from all sources is converted into a form which can be used by analysts.
Analysis and Production. Analysis and production is how the conversion of the data which has been processed is translated into the finished intelligence product.
Dissemination. The last element the five-step intelligence cycle is the dissemination of the finished intelligence report back to the end-used who requested it.
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5. THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
Consists of five steps
Is continuous
(Source: Marilyn B. Peterson, Bob Morehouse, and Richard Wright, eds., Intelligence 2000: Revising the Basic Elements (New Jersey: International Association of Law Enforcement Analysts, 2000), p. 8.)
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6. TYPES OF CRIME ANAYLSIS
These are common sources of blood and DNA evidence that investigators need to be aware of in conducting crime scene searches.
Type
Description
Tactical
Provides analytical information used to assist operations and investigative personnel in identifying specific, present crime trends, thereby giving them an informed basis for making rapid, effective responses to field problems (e.g. a series of pharmacy robberies)
Strategic
Involves analyzing long-range problems and making projections about likely increases or decreases in crime rates and trends; also includes preparing crime statistic reports and providing data for use in allocation of personnel.
Administrative
Focuses on providing economic, social, geographic, and other information to administrators; includes doing feasibility studies, special research projects, grant proposals, and reports to county commissions or city councils (e.g. in answer to the question, Why is crime decreasing?)
(Source: Steven Goettlieb, Sheldon Arenberg, and Raj Singh, Crime Analysis from First Report to Final Arrest (Montclair, CA: Alpha Publishing, 1994), pp )
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7. CRIME BULLETINS
One method by which crime analysts can disseminate general interest information is through the publication of a series of bulletins
Some crime bulletins deal with sex offenders
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8. TIME-EVENT CHART
One of the most useful and quickly learned methods of analyzing crime is the time event chart (TEC), which displays events in chronological order.
Offender paroled from state prison
Stops meeting with parole officer
Informant says he is frequent crack user
Robs tourist
Robs Stop-n-Go
Robs pharmacy
Robs bank, wounds guard
7 months
3 months
3 weeks
2 weeks
11 days
5 days
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9. CRIMINAL PROFILING
Criminal Profiling. The process of inferring distinctive personality characteristics of individuals responsible for committing crimes has commonly been referred to as criminal profiling (See Slide 8-7)
Criticisms of Profiling. Despite its successes, profiling as a field is not without criticisms. Include in these criticisms are:
untrained or inadequately trained profilers
promising too much and delivering too little
relying on inadequate or dated databases
overstating the meaning of physical evidence
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10. THE ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED OFFENDER
The organized/disorganized offender is an FBI model. The organized/disorganized offender dichotomy has a strong crime scene focus.
Stage 1: Collecting inputs, which are essential for accurate profiling
State 2: Using Decision Process Models, which is the process of organizing and arranging the inputs into meaning patterns
Stage 3: making the crime assessment, which is the reconstruction of the sequence of events and the behavior of both the victim and the offender
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11. THE ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED OFFENDER (cont'd)
Stage 4: Developing the criminal profile, a process which addresses the type of person who committed the crime and that individual's behavioral organization in relation to the crime, including background information, physical characteristics, habits, beliefs, values, pre-offense behavior leading to the crime and post-offense behavior
Stage 5: Continuing the on-going investigation by those assigned to it, with the profiler making adjustments in the profile if fresh information warrants it and being available to discuss the case with those assigned on an as-needed basis
Stage 6: Following the apprehension, reviewing the agreement between the outcome and the various stages of the profiling process are examined
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12. PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZED AND DISORGANIZED MURDERS
Average or above-average IQ
Below-average IQ
Socially adept
Socially inadequate, often never married, fearful of people, may have developed well-defined delusional system
Skilled-occupation employment history, but uneven work history, sometimes has job below abilities
Poor work history
Sexually competent
Sexually incompetent, may never have achieved sexual intimacy
High birth order in family, often first son
Low birth order in family
Father’s work generally stable
Father’s work history unstable
Parental discipline perceived by offender as inconsistent
Harsh parental discipline
May feel angry or depressed at time of crime, but reports himself as calm during it
Recurring obsessional and/or primitive throughts, at time of crime is confused and distressed, acts impulsively under stress
May use alcohol prior to crime
Limited use of alcohol
Precipitating situational stress, e.g. financial, marital, relationships with females, and employment problems
Minimal situational stress
Usually living with partner
Lives alone or with parental figure
Likely to have car in good condition
Usually finds victims in his geographic area, lives in close proximity to scene
Follows crime in newspapers, clippings about crimes committed often found at offender’s home, may take souvenirs from victim or scene
Little interest in news media
(Source: Robert Ressler, Ann W. Burgess, and John E. Douglas, Sexual Homicides: Patterns and Motives (New York: Free Press, 1992), pp , 130.)
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13. INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Although more than a few psychologists and psychiatrists are involved in profiling, investigative psychology is associated with the work of Englishman David Canter
Canter, an environmental psychologist, was asked by New Scotland Yard in 1985 to integrate investigative and psychological concepts
The model he developed rests on five factors
Interpersonal Coherence assumes that offenders will deal with their victims in a manner similar to the way they treat people in their day-to-day lives
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14. INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (cont'd)
The Significance of Time and Place may provide analysts with clues about the offender's mobility and even his residence
Criminal Characteristics are used by researchers and analysts to place offenders into broad categories, from which subcategories can be selected or developed
Criminal Career is an assessment as to whether the offender may have engaged in criminal activity before and what type of activity it most likely was
Forensic Awareness draws in part from Step 4 above, criminal career. It is an assessment of the scene and evidence to determine if the offender has any special knowledge of evidence gathering procedures used by the police
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15. BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS
BEA is a deductive criminal profiling method. In operation, BEA is a four-step process:
Equivocal Forensic Analysis. “Equivocal forensic analysis” refers to a review of all physical evidence which questions all assumptions and conclusions
Victimology. Victimology is the thorough study and analysis of the victim's characteristics
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16. BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS (cont'd)
Crime Scene Characteristics. These characteristics may include, among many other things, method of approach, method of attack, method of controlling the victim, location, nature, type, and sequence of sexual acts, materials used, verbal statements, and precautionary acts taken by the offender.
Deduction of Offender Characteristics. The fourth step is more artful and therefore a matter of expertise rather than science. Offender characteristics fall into two categories: “hard” and “soft.”
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17. GEOGRAPHIC PROFILING
Geographic information system (GIS) software provides the capability to superimpose different types of data on a map
Geoprofiling/GP is an investigative strategy that uses the locations of a series of crimes to determine the most probable area of the offenders residence
GP does not “solve” crimes; it does prioritize suspects and their likely addresses
This allows investigators to focus their resources and strategies, e.g., saturation patrol, surveillance, and neighborhood canvasses
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18. FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY INDICATORS
Business Indicators of Financial Difficulty. Examples include but are not limited to:
Decreasing Revenue
Increasing production costs, e.g., labor and material
Increased competition, better products available
Costly rental and lease agreements
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19. FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY INDICATORS (cont'd)
Personal Indicators of Financial Difficulty. Examples include:
Bounced Checks
Costly rental and lease agreements
Inability to pay current bills, e.g., utilities
Lenders impose or refuse loans or credit
Payment of bills by cashier's check, certified check, or money order
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20. THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIME
NCAVC, which is operated by the FBI, is organized into three components:
The Behavioral Analysis Unit provides investigative and operational support for complex and time sensitive cases typically involving threats and acts of violence
The Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center (CASMIRC), mandated by the Congress in 1998
The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), facilitates cooperation, coordination, and communication among law enforcement investigations, violent serial offenders
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21. THE NATIONAL CRIME INFORMATION CENTER
NCIC has been operated by the FBI since 1967
NCIC which provides a nation-wide telecommunication link between police agencies has repeatedly demonstrated its value to federal, state, and local agencies
The newest version of the FBI’S system, NCIC 2000, came on line.
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22. NCIC 2000 DATABASES
The new NCIC 2000 has dramatically improved the prior system
As a result law enforcement will have more information available in a timely fashion
Databases Continued from NCIC
Additional NCIC 2000 Services
Stolen Articles
Foreign Fugitives
Stolen Guns
Criminal History Queries
Stolen License Plates
Deported Felons
Missing Persons
Criminal Justice Agency Identifier
Stolen Securities
Stolen Boats
Gang and Terrorist Members
Unidentified Persons
U.S. Secret Service Protective File
Stolen Vehicles
Persons Subject to Protection Orders
Wanted Persons
Canadian Police Information Center
Enhanced name search (searches all derivatives of names, such as Jeff, Geoff, Jeffrey)
Search of right-index-finger prints
Mug shots
Other identifying images (such as scars, tattoos, and images of vehicles (e.g. Ford Mustang))
Convicted Sexual Offender Registry
Convicted Persons on Supervised Release Database
Persons Incarcerated in Federal Prisons
User manuals available online
Information linking (all information related to a case will be returned on a single inquiry; e.g. if guns are in a stolen vehicle, a query on the vehicle will return information on the stolen guns as well)
Improved data quality
Online ad hoc searches to support criminal investigations
Maintains five days of system inquiries to allow agencies to be notified if they are looking for information on the same individual or stolen property
(Source: Louis Freeh (director of the FBI), NCIC 2000 press release, July 15, 1999, p. 2.)
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23. CODIS
With the marrying of DNA and computer technology, a counterpart of Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) could be created
By 1998, the FBI’S Combined DAN Index System (CODIS) was fully operational, tying together local, state, and federal DNA files
States enacted laws requiring the collection of DNA samples from certain categories of offenders
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