1. Environmental Sciences Course Principles of Matter and Energy

2. University Of Palestine ENVI0052 Natural Energy Resources Annually, human needs for energy 10 Terawatt Annual budget for earth is 174000 Terawatt Therefore, the global problem of energy is not the lack of energy resources However, energy resources have to be Sustainable, Economically Feasible, Handable, and Safe.

3. University Of Palestine ENVI0053 Natural Energy Resources How to insure energy resources durability and sustainability: 1.Saving and Conservation of energy resources 2.Alteration to renewable natural energy resources 3.Increasing efficiency transformation

4. University Of Palestine ENVI0054 Natural Energy Resources Energy Resources: 1.Liquid Hydrocarbons 2.Solid Hydrocarbons 3.Biomass Energy 4.Nuclear Energy 5.Hydropower 6.Geothermal Energy 7.Tide Energy 8.Wind Energy 9.Solar Energy

5. University Of Palestine ENVI0055 Natural Energy Resources Liquid Hydrocarbons Formed By: 1.Sedimentation of Plankton and marine organisms at sea bed. 2.Under high temperature and pressure oil and gas are formed 3.Hydrocarbons migrates to Oil Traps

6. University Of Palestine ENVI0056 Natural Energy Resources

7. University Of Palestine ENVI0057 Natural Energy Resources Liquid Hydrocarbons More than 3000 products are extracted from raw oil by Cracking. Till now more than 650 billion barrels were produced Annual rate of use reach 20 billion barrels Till now, from 1500-3000 billion barrels are discovered

8. University Of Palestine ENVI0058

9. 9 Natural Energy Resources Solid Hydrocarbons Coal: Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black rock. It is a sedimentary rock, but the harder forms can be regarded as metamorphic rock. Represents 92% of the whole fossil fuels It is composed primarily of carbon along with assorted other elements, including sulfur. World coal consumption is about 5.3 billion tons annually, of which about 75% is used for the production of electricity

10. University Of Palestine ENVI00510 Natural Energy Resources Solid Hydrocarbons Peat: It is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. Carbons composes 60% of it. Peat forms in wetlands or peatlands. Used in some countries like in Ireland and Russia for house cooking and warming. 1/3 of peat exists in Canada where it covers 12% of it total area.

11. University Of Palestine ENVI00511 Natural Energy Resources

12. University Of Palestine ENVI00512 Natural Energy Resources Solid Hydrocarbons Oil Shale Oil shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock Containing significant amounts of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds), from which liquid hydrocarbons can be manufactured. 40 billion tons exists in Jordan. 10% of liquid hydrocarbons can be extracted from it. Economical Feasibility of oil shale is still under discussion

13. University Of Palestine ENVI00513 Alternative Energy Resources Biomass Energy (Biofuel) solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass Wood is considered as a biomass. Examples: Fuel obtained from olive wastes (Jeft). Alcohol obtained from sugar cane. Methane obtained from sludge treatment processes

14. University Of Palestine ENVI00514 Alternative Energy Resources Nuclear Energy the controlled use of nuclear fission to release energy. As of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity There are more than 400 nuclear power plants around the world, with more than 100 in the United States. Potential release of radiation and the difficulty of radioactive wastes disposal put a question mark on the safety of this source of energy. The two most well-known events are the Three Mile Island accident and the Chernobyl disaster

15. University Of Palestine ENVI00515 Alternative Energy Resources Hydropower Energy obtained from moving water Dams and Turbines are built to transform hydropower into other forms of energy. Hydroelectric power now supplies 19% of world electricity Hydropower is an environment friend source of energy, however, it may affect environment adversely because building of dams may change ecosystems, also it results in additional stresses on the geological formations beneath them.

16. University Of Palestine ENVI00516 Alternative Energy Resources Geothermal Energy Energy stored beneath earth surface in the form of heat. What radiates to the surface (0.06 Watt/m 2 ) is ignorant if compared to what reaches from sun (1360 Watt/m 2 ). Some visible features of geothermal energy are volcanoes and hot springs However, As of 2007, geothermal power supplies less than 10% of the world's energy Several technologies are used to generate electricity from geothermal energy: (Flash steam, Binary cycle, Hot dry-rock system). Difficulty of extracting this source of energy prevents its widespread.

17. University Of Palestine ENVI00517

18. University Of Palestine ENVI00518 Alternative Energy Resources Tidal Power Energy obtained from the tidal currents (ebb and flow ) or the rise and the fall of sea levels In the past it was used to run water mills in England and Holland. For commercial generation of electricity, a difference of at least 8 m between the minimum and the upper water level is required. In Gaza Strip, tidal over-height is in the range of 0.5–0.9 m

19. University Of Palestine ENVI00519 Alternative Energy Resources Wind Energy Energy obtained from moving air currents (winds) In past, it was used for sailing and running wind mills. although it currently produces just over 1% of world-wide electricity use, it accounts for approximately 20% of electricity production in Denmark. Use of this source dwindled since winds are randomly variable, and highly affected by construction activities, and difficult to be stored. However, in some countries turbine blades are built in Wind Farms to generate electricity. Like those famous ones in California.

20. University Of Palestine ENVI00520 Alternative Energy Resources Solar Energy Is the incoming energy from sun as heat and light The basic source for other types of energy (wind energy, hydropower, biomass, etc..) Represents 99.9% of the renewable energy resources on earth. Modern solar technologies provide heating, lighting, electricity and even flight. Its use is common in arid and semiarid regions. Solar Energy is favorable for being the most renewable environment friend source of energy. What hinders use of solar energy is being highly dependant on weather conditions and the nature of the required technology.

21. University Of Palestine ENVI00521