1. Durability of Dragon’s Blood Pigment in Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaic Cells Brett Jones and Jim Bidlack Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034 Durability of Dragon’s Blood Pigment in Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaic Cells Brett Jones and Jim Bidlack Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034 Figure 1: Brett Jones applying Dragon’s Blood pigment to cells. Figure 2: Power curve results for 17 days in original experiment. This data was gathered in a prior experiment using hand-made cells, and it is expected that the manufactured plates will perform better. Figure 3: Dragon’s Blood dye (right) and cells which have been treated with the dye (left). LITERATURE CITED O'Regan, B., and M. Gratzel, 1991. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based upon dye-sensitized colloidal TiO 2 films. Nature 353:737-740. Smestad, G., and M. Gratzel. 1998. Demonstrating electron transfer and nano- technology: A natural dye-sensitized nanocrystalline energy converter. Journal of Chemical Education 75:752-756. Edward, H.G.M., L. Fernando, C. de Olivera, and A. Quye. 2001. Raman spectroscopy of coloured resins used in antiquity: dragon's blood and related substances. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A 57: 2831-2842. LITERATURE CITED O'Regan, B., and M. Gratzel, 1991. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based upon dye-sensitized colloidal TiO 2 films. Nature 353:737-740. Smestad, G., and M. Gratzel. 1998. Demonstrating electron transfer and nano- technology: A natural dye-sensitized nanocrystalline energy converter. Journal of Chemical Education 75:752-756. Edward, H.G.M., L. Fernando, C. de Olivera, and A. Quye. 2001. Raman spectroscopy of coloured resins used in antiquity: dragon's blood and related substances. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A 57: 2831-2842. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this project was provided by Office of Research & Grants at the University of Central Oklahoma (UCO). Many thanks to Toby FitzSimons and Cliff Pelchat, who, along with Dr. Bidlack’s Research Group, provided training of methodologies, as well as advice and guidance for implementing the experiment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this project was provided by Office of Research & Grants at the University of Central Oklahoma (UCO). Many thanks to Toby FitzSimons and Cliff Pelchat, who, along with Dr. Bidlack’s Research Group, provided training of methodologies, as well as advice and guidance for implementing the experiment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No results have been gathered yet from this experiment, as the experiment is ongoing. The experiment will run for a period of 30 days, and data will be analyzed at that time. Each manufactured cell may have lower overall voltage than the previous experiment, as the area of each cell is smaller than cells used in the previous experiment. However, it is anticipated that the voltage-per-area will be higher and that each cell will be more consistent with similar cells in power output. In the previous experiment, photovoltaic cells treated with the Dragon’s Blood pigment exhibited cycles with voltage readings as low as 0 mV at night and up to 330 mV during the day (Figure 2). During this 17-day experiment, most cells either maintained or demonstrated a decrease in voltage as the cells aged. Control cells (without pigment) generally demonstrated lower voltage than those treated with pigment. These results suggest that the Dragon’s Blood pigment functioned successfully as part of a dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell. Durability of the treated cells during the experimental cycle (17 days) appeared better than expected. Test cell 4 was the most consistent, demonstrating no apparent degradation of the pigment. Voltage readings from test cells 1, 2, and 3 indicated a breakdown of the glue seal at points and spiked highly, then fell to lower values. Interestingly, this did not appear to render the cells non-functional, as voltages were still observed in these cells throughout the experiment. All cells treated with Dragon’s Blood still demonstrated at least 100 mV by the end of the experiment. Control cells demonstrated low voltages throughout the experiment. These non-dye cells, were sealed well and demonstrated values in the 200 to 300 mV range, but voltages quickly declined to under 200 mV at the very beginning of the experiment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No results have been gathered yet from this experiment, as the experiment is ongoing. The experiment will run for a period of 30 days, and data will be analyzed at that time. Each manufactured cell may have lower overall voltage than the previous experiment, as the area of each cell is smaller than cells used in the previous experiment. However, it is anticipated that the voltage-per-area will be higher and that each cell will be more consistent with similar cells in power output. In the previous experiment, photovoltaic cells treated with the Dragon’s Blood pigment exhibited cycles with voltage readings as low as 0 mV at night and up to 330 mV during the day (Figure 2). During this 17-day experiment, most cells either maintained or demonstrated a decrease in voltage as the cells aged. Control cells (without pigment) generally demonstrated lower voltage than those treated with pigment. These results suggest that the Dragon’s Blood pigment functioned successfully as part of a dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell. Durability of the treated cells during the experimental cycle (17 days) appeared better than expected. Test cell 4 was the most consistent, demonstrating no apparent degradation of the pigment. Voltage readings from test cells 1, 2, and 3 indicated a breakdown of the glue seal at points and spiked highly, then fell to lower values. Interestingly, this did not appear to render the cells non-functional, as voltages were still observed in these cells throughout the experiment. All cells treated with Dragon’s Blood still demonstrated at least 100 mV by the end of the experiment. Control cells demonstrated low voltages throughout the experiment. These non-dye cells, were sealed well and demonstrated values in the 200 to 300 mV range, but voltages quickly declined to under 200 mV at the very beginning of the experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Photovoltaic cells were constructed and tested in the Biology Department at the University of Central Oklahoma. Procedures for constructing cells were derived from a Nanocrystalline Solar Kit purchased from the Institute of Chemical Education at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin. Pre-constructed tin-annealed glass plates (titanium dioxide-coated anodes and platinum-coated cathodes) and their corresponding thermoplastic seals were obtained from Dyesol of Queanbeyan, Australia. The resin required to make the Dragon’s Blood dye (Daemonorops draco) was obtained from Mountain Rose Herbs of Eugene, Oregon. All other materials were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich in St. Louis, Missouri. Monitoring of voltage produced by photovoltaic cells was enabled through use of an ADC-16 board connected to a data logger from Pico Technology, Ltd., United Kingdom. Exactly 5.0 grams of Daemonorops draco resin were soaked in 40 mL of acetone for three days to create the dye preparation. Photovoltaic cells using the dye were constructed using tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) coated conductive glass plates with a triiodide electrolyte sandwiched between the opposing electrodes. Conductivity of glass plates was measured prior to construction by using a Volt-Ohm meter and indicated a coating resistance that ranged from 22 to 23 Ohms. Each anode was soaked in a beaker with the dye preparation for 72 hours to ensure complete reaction with the TiO 2 layer. Each cathode was then placed with the platinum facing the TiO 2 coated side of the anode. A KI/I 2 solution was utilized as the electrolyte between the two plates, which were then sealed together with small rubber bands and a thermoplastic seal between each plate. Control cells were constructed using the same methods, but were not left to soak in the dye preparation. Twenty-four cells were constructed: 8 controls, and 16 treatments of 100 µL split equally between four applications of 25 µL and ten applications of 10 µL. Voltage readings will be recorded in an environmental chamber where light intensity ranged from 20,000 and 30,000 lumens during a 12-hour day period and essentially zero lumens during a 12-hour night period. Voltage measurements will be recorded using PICO software at 10 minute intervals during the experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Photovoltaic cells were constructed and tested in the Biology Department at the University of Central Oklahoma. Procedures for constructing cells were derived from a Nanocrystalline Solar Kit purchased from the Institute of Chemical Education at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin. Pre-constructed tin-annealed glass plates (titanium dioxide-coated anodes and platinum-coated cathodes) and their corresponding thermoplastic seals were obtained from Dyesol of Queanbeyan, Australia. The resin required to make the Dragon’s Blood dye (Daemonorops draco) was obtained from Mountain Rose Herbs of Eugene, Oregon. All other materials were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich in St. Louis, Missouri. Monitoring of voltage produced by photovoltaic cells was enabled through use of an ADC-16 board connected to a data logger from Pico Technology, Ltd., United Kingdom. Exactly 5.0 grams of Daemonorops draco resin were soaked in 40 mL of acetone for three days to create the dye preparation. Photovoltaic cells using the dye were constructed using tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) coated conductive glass plates with a triiodide electrolyte sandwiched between the opposing electrodes. Conductivity of glass plates was measured prior to construction by using a Volt-Ohm meter and indicated a coating resistance that ranged from 22 to 23 Ohms. Each anode was soaked in a beaker with the dye preparation for 72 hours to ensure complete reaction with the TiO 2 layer. Each cathode was then placed with the platinum facing the TiO 2 coated side of the anode. A KI/I 2 solution was utilized as the electrolyte between the two plates, which were then sealed together with small rubber bands and a thermoplastic seal between each plate. Control cells were constructed using the same methods, but were not left to soak in the dye preparation. Twenty-four cells were constructed: 8 controls, and 16 treatments of 100 µL split equally between four applications of 25 µL and ten applications of 10 µL. Voltage readings will be recorded in an environmental chamber where light intensity ranged from 20,000 and 30,000 lumens during a 12-hour day period and essentially zero lumens during a 12-hour night period. Voltage measurements will be recorded using PICO software at 10 minute intervals during the experiment. INTRODUCTION It is not a question of if the world will run low on fossil fuel supplies, but of when this will occur. As it appears that this scenario will unfold sooner rather than later, it is necessary that alternative means of electricity generation are developed. One of the most promising alternative energy technologies is the photovoltaic cell. However, traditional silicon cells are costly to construct. Fortunately, an alternative to common photovoltaic cells exists in the form of thin film photovoltaic cells. These cells can be thinner, more cost effective, easier to construct, and lighter than traditional photovoltaic cells. A subset of thin film photovoltaic cells is the dye sensitized solar cell, which this project is focused on. Currently, there are some dye sensitized solar cells used in commercial products, however these cells typically use toxic, caustic, and inorganic dyes. Some of these dyes are expensive, which while negating the cost benefit, does retain the other three benefits. Yet, to make this technology viable as a replacement to fossil fuel electricity generation, costs of production must be lower. Organic dyes are an attractive option, but these tend to decay after some days or weeks in operation. Typically these dyes are part of the photosynthesis process in plants. In this experiment, an ancient dye derived from Daemonorops draco was evaluated, as it has been used in various applications since antiquity and has proven to be durable in other applications where it is exposed to light (Edward et al., 2001). Plant Pigments: It has been demonstrated that a thin film coating of TiO 2, on conductive glass which is impregnated with dye molecules and in contact with a suitable redox mediator, can facilitate an electron transfer process that mimics photosynthesis (O’Regan and Gratzel, 1991). In this process, TiO 2 acts as the electron acceptor and an iodine solution replaces water as the electron donor (redox mediator). It does not appear to matter if the dye was used by the plant to help harvest light, but rather that the wavelength and chemical structure facilitating bonding with the TiO 2 allows for better electron excitation, as demonstrated with flavanoid and anthocyanin dyes extracted from plant materials and used separately in TiO 2 nanocrystalline cells (Cherepy et al., 1997; Smestad and Gratzel, 1998). INTRODUCTION It is not a question of if the world will run low on fossil fuel supplies, but of when this will occur. As it appears that this scenario will unfold sooner rather than later, it is necessary that alternative means of electricity generation are developed. One of the most promising alternative energy technologies is the photovoltaic cell. However, traditional silicon cells are costly to construct. Fortunately, an alternative to common photovoltaic cells exists in the form of thin film photovoltaic cells. These cells can be thinner, more cost effective, easier to construct, and lighter than traditional photovoltaic cells. A subset of thin film photovoltaic cells is the dye sensitized solar cell, which this project is focused on. Currently, there are some dye sensitized solar cells used in commercial products, however these cells typically use toxic, caustic, and inorganic dyes. Some of these dyes are expensive, which while negating the cost benefit, does retain the other three benefits. Yet, to make this technology viable as a replacement to fossil fuel electricity generation, costs of production must be lower. Organic dyes are an attractive option, but these tend to decay after some days or weeks in operation. Typically these dyes are part of the photosynthesis process in plants. In this experiment, an ancient dye derived from Daemonorops draco was evaluated, as it has been used in various applications since antiquity and has proven to be durable in other applications where it is exposed to light (Edward et al., 2001). Plant Pigments: It has been demonstrated that a thin film coating of TiO 2, on conductive glass which is impregnated with dye molecules and in contact with a suitable redox mediator, can facilitate an electron transfer process that mimics photosynthesis (O’Regan and Gratzel, 1991). In this process, TiO 2 acts as the electron acceptor and an iodine solution replaces water as the electron donor (redox mediator). It does not appear to matter if the dye was used by the plant to help harvest light, but rather that the wavelength and chemical structure facilitating bonding with the TiO 2 allows for better electron excitation, as demonstrated with flavanoid and anthocyanin dyes extracted from plant materials and used separately in TiO 2 nanocrystalline cells (Cherepy et al., 1997; Smestad and Gratzel, 1998).