2. Solar Thermal Power Plants By Dr. Irshad Ahmed Department of Mechatronics, Air University, E-9, Islamabad

3. Basic Needs of Man 1.Food 2.Fiber 3.Fabric 4.Fuel

4. Environment Device Use Environment Device Use Environment Renewable energy Finite energy Sink Current source of continuous Finite source Energy flow of energy

5. Renewable energy suppliesConventional supplies Examples Source Normal state Initial intensity Lifetime of supply Cost of source Cost of equipment Variation and control Location for use Scale Skills Pollution and environment damage Esthetics Wind, Solar, biomass, tidal Natural local environment A current of energy. An income Low intensity. dispersed: ~300 W/m2 Or less Infinite Free High, commonly $2000 per KW capacity Fluctuating: best controlled by change of load using Site and society specific Small scale economic, Large scale may present difficulties Interdisciplinary and varied. Wide range of skills, Importance of bioscience and agriculture Usually little environmental harm Local perturbations may be serious but usually acceptable Coal, oil, gas Concentrated stock Static source of energy. Capital Released at ~100 kW/m2 and More Finite Increasingly expensive.>$0.1 Per KWh Moderate, commonly $500 per Capacity Steady, best controlled by adjusting source with feedback control General and international use Increased scale often improves supply costs, large scale frequently favored Strong links with electrical and mechanical engineering. Narrow range of skills Environment pollution common especially of air and water Small structure may produce little Esthetics difficulty. able 1.1 Comparison of renewable and conventional energy system.

6. Solar Radiation Sensible Heating Latent Heat Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Photosynt hesis Geotherm al Heat Gravitation al Orbital motion Tides From Earth Planetary motion From 3 Tidal power Geothermal installations 30 Biofuels Wind and wave conversion Hydropower Solar radiation Infrared radiation to space 80,000 40,000 300 30 to spaceReflected 50000 120000 Absorbed

7. Status of GHG Emissions

8. ELECTRICITY INSTALLED CAPACITY IN PAKISTAN

9. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN PAKISTAN

10. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN

11. PAKISTAN’S POWER DEMAND AND SUPPLY

12. SOLAR RADIATION IN PAKISTAN

13. SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES

14. SOLAR CELL, MODULE, ARRAY

15. PN JUNCTION OF A SOLAR CELL

16. SOLAR CELL FUNCTION

17. I-V CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF A SOLAR CELL

21. SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES

22. COST OF ELECTRICITY FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES

25. PV TECHNOLOGY PERFORMANCE

26. SOLAR IRRIGATION PUMP

27. PV PUMP WITH SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

28. GRID CONNECTED PV POWER

29. LARGE PV SOLAR POWER PLANTS