1. Building nuclear security culture through education and training
Elena Sokova, Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non- Proliferation
“Towards a CBN Security Culture: developing a holistic approach”
April 24, 2012

2. Education and training for strengthening nuclear security
IAEA
Nuclear Security Work Plans, Guides, and other Publications, Networking Efforts
Nuclear Security Summits
2010, Washington, DC
Communique and Work Plan acknowledge the role of education and training in nuclear security capacity building, particularly human capacity building and encourage integrated approach to education and training and institutional capacity building by all stakeholders
2012, Seoul
Communique: “Participants recognize investment in human capacity building is fundamental to sustaining a strong security culture and encourage participation, communication and coordination of activities at national level by the government, regulatory bodies, industry, academia, the media, and NGOs” + dozen other documents
Memorandum by the Russian Federation on nuclear security culture (!) highlights the importance of education and training, as well as exchange of best practices

3. Security Culture: Two tales
"Nuclear Security Culture - a set of characteristics, principles, attitudes and behavior of individuals, organizations and institutions, which serves as a means for maintaining and improving nuclear security"

4. Human Capacity Building and Nuclear Security Culture
Two primary levels
National (government + various institutions and stakeholders)
Facility (senior management and administration; work-level management; all personnel)
Two primary approaches to building and sustaining nuclear security culture
Professional Development
Training
Exchange of best practices among professionals
Academic programs
Targeted education and training of nuclear security specialists
Education of all nuclear specialists
Education of managers, policy makers

5. Teaching nuclear security and nuclear security culture
Integrate nuclear security culture concepts, principles, and values into courses and curriculum on physical protection, control and accounting of nuclear materials, as well as other “Ss” -- safety and safeguards
Offer separate courses or modules on nuclear security culture concepts, principles, and approaches, including fundamentals of nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear terrorism risks.
Incorporate nuclear security and elements of nuclear security culture into professional development and academic programs that focus on training a variety of specialists for nuclear industry, not only to specialists trained to deal with MPC&A and other nuclear security related jobs

6. Do we have the tools and the means?
Educational and training infrastructure and framework to teach nuclear security
Industry training centers;
Centers of Excellence;
Nuclear Security Training and Support Centers;
Academic Programs
Status: At various stages of their operation and expertise (from being built from scratch to being a recognized nuclear security training facility/program)
Instructors that can go beyond technical nuclear security subjects and foster nuclear security culture
Status: With few exceptions, limited number of instructors that can teach at professional level nuclear security culture
Financial resources and incentives
Status: Much better than 4-5 years ago but not nearly enough to make a difference

7. Education and training and other elements of nuclear security culture
Government policy
Regulations and norms
Assessment of nuclear security culture at site level
Personnel reliability programs
Encouragement of strong security culture by government, industry, and facility senior management
Education and training are critical if a long-lasting effect is sought
Quality of education and training is extremely important
Recognition of the role of nuclear security education and training at top national and international levels is welcome. It needs to be matched by well developed strategy, adequate resources, and sustained attention