1. Chapter 11 Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

2. 1.Identify the types of accounting changes. 2.Describe the accounting for changes in accounting principles. 3.Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes. 4.Understand how to account for impracticable changes. 5.Describe the accounting for changes in estimates. 6.Identify changes in a reporting entity. 7.Describe the accounting for correction of errors. 8.Identify economic motives for changing accounting methods. 9.Analyze the effect of errors.

3. Why are accounting changes made? New FASB pronouncements Changing economic conditions Changing internal circumstances Accounting Changes Reporting Issues & Approaches

4. Essential issues in reporting accounting changes: ¶ Whether an accounting change is allowed. ¶ Whether to restate prior years?financial statements.  Whether to recognize the effect of the change in the current year ’ s net income or in the beginning retained earnings balance. Accounting Changes Reporting Issues & Approaches

5. Accounting Changes

6. Error corrections... Are not classified as accounting changes. Do affect the income of prior periods and require special treatment. Accounting Changes

7. Relevance Consistency Public Confidence Objectives of Reporting Accounting Changes

8. Accounting Principle Changes

9. The following are not accounting principle changes:  Initial adoption of an accounting principle  Adopting an accounting principle for a new group of assets or liabilities  Change from inappropriate accounting principle to GAAP  Planned change to straight-line depreciation  Change in accounting principle that cannot be distinguished from a change in accounting estimate Accounting Principle Changes

10. Three approaches for reporting changes: 1) Currently (cumulative effect). 2) Retrospectively. 3) Prospectively (in the future). FASB requires use of the retrospective approach. Changes in Accounting Principle

11.  A change in an accounting principle is accounted for by the retrospective application of the new accounting principle.  A change in an accounting estimate is accounted for prospectively.  A change in a reporting entity is accounted for by the retrospective application of the new accounting principle.  A material error is accounted for by prior period restatement (adjustment). According to the provisions of FASB No. 154: Basic Principles

12. A company accounts for a change in principle by the retrospective application of the new accounting principle as follows: 1.The company computes the cumulative effect of the change to the new accounting principle as of the beginning of the first period presented. That is, it computes the amounts that would have been in the financial statements if it had always used the new principle. ContinuedContinued Retrospective Adjustment Method

13. 2.The company adjusts the carrying values of those assets and liabilities (including income taxes) that are affected by the change. The company makes an offsetting adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings to report the cumulative effect of the change (net of taxes) for each period presented. ContinuedContinued Retrospective Adjustment Method

14. 3.The company adjusts the financial statements of each prior period to reflect the specific effects of applying the new accounting principle. That is, each item in each financial statement that is affected by the change is restated to the appropriate amount under the new accounting principle. The company uses the new accounting principle in its current financial statements. ContinuedContinued Retrospective Adjustment Method

15. 4.The company’s disclosures include (a) the nature and reason for the change in accounting principle, including an explanation of why the new principle is preferable, (b) a description of the prior-period information that has been retrospectively adjusted, (c) the effect of the change on income, earnings per share, and any other financial statement line item for the current period and the prior periods retrospectively adjusted, and (d) the cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings (or other appropriate component of equity) at the beginning of the earliest period presented. Retrospective Adjustment Method

16. The following accounting principle changes are subject to the retroactive approach: ¶ Change from LIFO to another inventory method ¶ Change in the method of accounting for long-term construction contracts ¶ Change to or from full-cost method in extractive industries ¶ Changes in accounting principle made in conjunction with an initial public offering of equity securities (exemption available only once) Retrospective Adjustment Method

17. The following accounting principle changes are subject to the retroactive approach: ¶ Change from retirement/replacement accounting to depreciation accounting for railroad track structures ¶ Change to a principle required by a new pronouncement recognized as GAAP that requires retroactive application ¶ Change to the equity method of accounting for investments in common stock (sometimes classified as a change in reporting entity) Retrospective Adjustment Method

18. Example (Retrospective Change) Buildmore Construction Company used the completed contract method to account for long-term construction contracts for financial accounting and tax purposes in 2007, its first year of operations. In 2008, the company decided to change to the percentage-of- completion method for financial accounting purposes. Income before long-term contracts and taxes in 2007 and 2008 was $80,000 and $100,000. The tax rate is 40% and the company will continue to use the completed contract method for tax purposes. Retrospective Change Example

19. Example Income from Long-Term Contracts Retrospective Change Example

20. Example Comparative Income Statements Retrospective Change Example

21. Example Retained Earnings Statement Retrospective Change Example

22. Impracticability Changes in Accounting Principle Companies should not use retrospective application if one of the following conditions exists: 1.Company cannot determine the effects of the retrospective application. 2.Retrospective application requires assumptions about management’s intent in a prior period. 3.Retrospective application requires significant estimates that the company cannot develop. If any of the above conditions exists, the company prospectively applies the new accounting principle.

23. No cumulative adjustment is made. Prior years ’ results remain unchanged. New estimates are applied prospectively. Summary of the Approach for Changes in Accounting Estimates Prospective Approach

24. Changes in Accounting Estimate The following items require estimates. 1.Uncollectible receivables. 2.Inventory obsolescence. 3.Useful lives and salvage values of assets. 4.Periods benefited by deferred costs. 5.Liabilities for warranty costs and income taxes. 6.Recoverable mineral reserves. 7.Change in depreciation methods. Companies report prospectively changes in accounting estimates.

25. Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2005 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time. Required: ◦ What is the journal entry to correct the prior years’ depreciation? ◦ Calculate the depreciation expense for 2005. No Entry Required

26. Equipment$510,000 Fixed Assets: Accumulated depreciation 350,000 350,000 Net book value (NBV) Net book value (NBV)$160,000 Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2004) After 7 years Equipment cost $510,000 Salvage value - 10,000 Depreciable base500,000 Useful life (original) 10 years Annual depreciation $ 50,000 x 7 years = $350,000 First, establish NBV at date of change in estimate.

27. After 7 years Net book value $160,000 Salvage value (new) 5,000 Depreciable base155,000 Useful life remaining 8 years Annual depreciation $ 19,375 Second, calculate depreciation expense for 2005. Depreciation expense 19,375 Accumulated depreciation 19,375 Journal entry for 2005

28. Reporting a Change in Entity Examples of a change in reporting entity are: 1.Presenting consolidated statements in place of statements of individual companies. 2.Changing specific subsidiaries that constitute the group of companies for which the entity presents consolidated financial statements. 3.Changing the companies included in combined financial statements. 4.Changing the cost, equity, or consolidation method of accounting for subsidiaries and investments. Reported by changing the financial statements of all prior periods presented.

29. No cumulative adjustment is made. Prior years ’ results are restated. Summary of the Approach for Changes in Reporting Entity Reporting a Change in Entity

30.  New principle must be preferable.  Nature of change and justification disclosed in notes. Justifications Improved matching Enhanced asset valuation New information Changing conditions Compliance with new reporting standards Justification for Accounting Changes

31. I wonder why companies make accounting changes? It seems like a lot of trouble to me!

32. Reporting a Correction of an Error Accounting errors include the following types: 1.A change from an accounting principle that is not generally accepted to an accounting principle that is acceptable. 2.Mathematical mistakes. 3.Changes in estimates that occur because a company did not prepare the estimates in good faith. 4.Failure to accrue or defer certain expenses or revenues. 5.Misuse of facts. 6.Incorrect classification of a cost as an expense instead of an asset, and vice versa.

33. Reporting a Correction of an Error All material errors must be corrected. Record corrections of errors from prior periods as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings in the current period. Such corrections are called prior period adjustments. For comparative statements, a company should restate the prior statements affected, to correct for the error.

34. 1. The company computes the cumulative effect of the error correction on prior period financial statements. That is, it computes the amounts that would have been in the financial statements if it had not made the error. ContinuedContinued A company accounts for a change in accounting principle by prior period restatement as follows: Prior Period Restatement

35. 2.The company adjusts the carrying values of those assets and liabilities (including income taxes) that are affected by the error. The company makes an offsetting entry to the beginning balance of retained earnings to report the cumulative effect of the error correction (net of taxes) for each period presented. ContinuedContinued Prior Period Restatement

36. 3. The company adjusts the financial statements of each prior period to reflect the specific effects of correcting the error. 4. The company’s disclosures include (a) that its previously issued financial statements have been restated, along with a description of the nature of the error, ContinuedContinued Prior Period Restatement

37. 4. (b) the effect of the correction of each financial statement line item, and any per share amounts affected for each prior period presented, and (c) the cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings (or other appropriate component of equity) at the beginning of the earliest period presented. 4. (b) the effect of the correction of each financial statement line item, and any per share amounts affected for each prior period presented, and (c) the cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings (or other appropriate component of equity) at the beginning of the earliest period presented. Prior Period Restatement

38. Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2007, you discover a $62,500 error that caused the 2006 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in 2006). Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2007? Assume a 20% tax rate.

40. I. Errors occurred and discovered in the same accounting period. II. Errors occurred in previous period. A. Errors did not affect prior period net income. B. Errors did affect prior period net income. 1. Counterbalancing errors 2. Noncounterbalancing errors Accounting Errors Classifications

41. Corrected by reversing the incorrect entry and then recording the correct entry (or by making an entry to correct the account balances) Errors Occurred and Discovered in Same Period

42.  Involves incorrect classification of accounts.  Requires correction of previously issued statements (retroactive approach).  Is not classified as a prior period adjustment since it does not affect prior income.  Disclose nature of error. Previous Period Errors Not Affecting Net Income

43.  Counterbalancing errors discovered after two or more years do not require a correcting entry.  Counterbalancing errors discovered in the second year of the cycle require a correcting entry. -- Treated as a prior period adjustment (net of tax) to beginning Retained Earnings balance. Counterbalancing Errors Affecting Prior Net Income

44.  These errors do not automatically correct themselves after two years.  Correction of a noncounterbalancing error usually requires a prior period adjustment (retroactive approach). Noncounterbalancing Errors Affecting Prior Net Income

45. E22-19 (Error Analysis; Correcting Entries) A partial trial balance of Julie Hartsack Corporation is as follows on December 31, 2008. Instructions (a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2008?

46. 1. A physical count of supplies on hand on December 31, 2008, totaled $1,100. 2. Accrued salaries and wages on December 31, 2008, amounted to $4,400. (a)Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2008?

47. 3. Accrued interest on investments amounts to $4,350 on December 31, 2008. 4. The unexpired portions of the insurance policies totaled $65,000 as of December 31, 2008. (a)Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2008?

48. 5. $28,000 was received on January 1, 2008 for the rent of a building for both 2008 and 2009. The entire amount was credited to rental income. 6. Depreciation for the year was erroneously recorded as $5,000 rather than the correct figure of $50,000.

49. E22-19 (Error Analysis; Correcting Entries) A partial trial balance of Julie Hartsack Corporation is as follows on December 31, 2008. Instructions (b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2008?

50. 1. A physical count of supplies on hand on December 31, 2008, totaled $1,100. 2. Accrued salaries and wages on December 31, 2008, amounted to $4,400.

51. 3. Accrued interest on investments amounts to $4,350 on December 31, 2008. 4. The unexpired portions of the insurance policies totaled $65,000 as of December 31, 2008. (b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2008?

52. 5. $28,000 was received on January 1, 2008 for the rent of a building for both 2008 and 2009. The entire amount was credited to rental income. 6. Depreciation for the year was erroneously recorded as $5,000 rather than the correct figure of $50,000. (b ) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2008?

53. Comprehensive income is defined as the net of all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by and distributions to owners. All-Inclusive Concept of Income

54. Hang in there! We’re coming down the home stretch! Yeah, that’s easy for you to say!

55. C hapter 11 Task Force Image Gallery clip art included in this electronic presentation is used with the permission of NVTech Inc.