1. International Atomic Energy Agency L 4 PROTECTION ISSUES IN CLINICAL METHODOLOGY

2. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 2 Answer True or False PET scans should be performed immediately following the 18 F-FDG injection There are means of optimizing PET dose, such as by scaling activity by weight for paediatric patients It is important to assess the pregnancy status of all female subjects of child-bearing age before beginning any part of a PET/CT exam

3. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 3 Objective To become familiar with the basic PET/CT procedure from the patient perspective, including patient preparation, administration of the radiopharmaceutical, imaging and discharge of the patient. Factors that influence patient dose will also be considered especially for paediatric and female patients

4. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 4 Patient preparation Imaging Patient dose Paediatric considerations Female patients Content

5. International Atomic Energy Agency 4.1 Patient Preparation

6. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 6 Patient Preparation Fast (water only) for 6 hours before appointment IDD (Insulin dependent diabetics) normal diet, normal morning insulin Patient should be relaxed before procedure starts Bowel preparation can be given

7. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 7 Pre-Administration of Radiopharmaceuticals Patient in gown (CT scan – no metal on patient) Lie patient in rest area to relax Perform glucose test Butterfly or cannula for venous access (contra-lateral side to site of concern) Explain the procedure to the patient before administering the dose Confirm ID of patient (name, date of birth and address) before administration

8. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 8 Post-Administration of Radiopharmaceutical Allow patient to relax for 45-60 minutes post injection Talking can increase uptake in jaw/throat area Movement will increase the FDG to those muscles involved Soothing music and dim lights Use CCTV to monitor patient Empty bladder before scan

9. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 9 injectscan FDG Scanning Protocol rest

10. International Atomic Energy Agency 4.2 Imaging

11. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 11 The PET/CT Scan CT PET Survey scan CT Reconstruction algorithm Attenuation correction PETFused Image

12. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 12 Scan Process 1.CT scout view performed 2.Full CT performed 3.Patient moved further into scanner and PET scan acquired

13. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 13 Contrast CT Perform contrast CT immediately following PET/CT only if necessary

14. International Atomic Energy Agency 4.3 Patient Dose

15. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 15 Typical Activity Administered (UK)

16. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 16 Typical CT Scan Factors 80-140 kVp 10 to 300 mAs 0.3 to 1 sec Pitch 0.2 to 1.5

17. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 17 Optimization of CT Dose Select appropriate kVp, mAs and pitch Scan minimum length needed to address diagnostic question For Attenuation Correction alone mAs can be reduced to 10. However, with reduced mA there is a potential for artefacts

18. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 18 Other Considerations Has request also been made for CT ? Will PET/CT answer the diagnostic question? Is stand-alone CT really needed?

19. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 19 To Reduce Effective Dose (PET) Administer correct activity Hydrated patient Frequent voiding of the bladder especially when the scan is completed For paediatric patients, scale activity by weight For paediatric patients, use 3D PET if possible to enable lower injected activity

20. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 20 Repeat Scans Consider accumulative dose if patient is having repeat scans (monitoring treatment, disease progression)

21. International Atomic Energy Agency 3.4 Paediatric Considerations

22. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 22 Activity to Children The amount of activity to be administered to a child can be calculated by one of the following formulae (based on values for adults): body weight/70 kg body surface area/1.73 m 2 height/174 cm

23. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 23 Fraction of the Adult Activity

24. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 24 European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Paediatric Task Group European Association Nuclear Medicine members. A radiopharmaceutical schedule for imaging paediatrics. Eur J Med 127-9, 1990

25. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 25 CT Dose Reduction for Paediatric Patients Reduce mAs or/and kV p Use dose reduction features – mAs modulation, etc. Increase pitch Reduce number of bed positions

26. International Atomic Energy Agency 4.5 Female patients

27. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 27 Female Patients Check clinical history Pregnancy status of all females 12-55 years should be known before administering the radiopharmaceutical

28. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 28 Dose to Uterus

29. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 29 Pregnancy If patient unsure of pregnancy status, verify status If pregnant, contact Referrer and PET/CT consultant If subsequently found to be pregnant, refer to local Radiation Protection Advisor

30. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 30 Breast Feeding Baby should be fed by mother just prior to mother’s FDG injection While FDG concentration in breast milk is low, NONETHELESS Advise that baby is fed by a third party up to 4hours after the injection to avoid dose to the baby due to close contact with mother J Nucl Med 2001;42:1238-1242

31. Radiation Protection in PET/CT 31 SUMMARY OF PROTECTION ISSUES IN CLINICAL METHODOLOGY PET scans require the patient to fast for 6 hours prior to 18 F-FDG injection, and remain quiet for 1 hour afterward prior to the acquisition of the PET scan PET dose can be optimized by hydrating patient, requesting frequent voiding of the bladder after the scan, and for paediatric patients scaling activity by weight and using 3D PET if possible to enable lower injected activity CT dose can be optimized by selecting appropriate kVp and mAs depending on the diagnostic question which the CT is intended to answer As radiation risk is strongly age-dependent, it is especially important to assess the pregnancy status of all female subjects of child-bearing age before beginning any part of a PET/CT exam