1. 7.2 The War Expands OBJECTIVE:
Identify the contributions of allies and foreign officers.
Understand how the war spread to the sea and the frontier.

2. What were the contributions of our ally France? of Spain?

3. A Marriage of Convenience
Democratic America & Aristocratic France
(Ben Franklin plays matchmaker)
Alliance between France and Americans, 1778
TIPPING POINT: Balance of Power is against GB
Howe must retreat to NY and w/d from Philly.
France menaces British lines of supply.

4. Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, 1783
The brilliant young French general appears here with his African-American aide, a Virginia slave named James. Among other services to Lafayette, James spied on Cornwallis before the latter's surrender. (Art Gallery, Williams Center, Lafayette College )
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. European Officers train the Continental Army
COUNTRY
CONTRIBUTION
Marquis de Lafayette
France
Helped forge French Alliance, “soldier’s friend”
Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Poland
Father of American Artillery,
Battle of Saratoga
Baron de Kalb
Germany
Cavalry, Battle of Camden
Baron von Steuben
Valley Forge, Professionalized army

6. Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters
Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters: Washington retreats to Valley Forge, NJ, with only a few thousand men and they suffer a terrible winter with few supplies. LOW POINT FOR THE AMERICANS. However, the troops that remain are committed and trained by von Steuben. While British officers enjoyed the social life of Philadelphia, General Washington, his officers, and his men suffered from inadequate food, supplies, firewood, and shelter in their winter encampment, a situation due, in part, to the corruption and greed of military suppliers and the incompetence of the quartermaster corps. (Stock Montage )

7. How many men perished at Valley Forge. What killed them
How many men perished at Valley Forge? What killed them? Why didn’t more men desert?

8. War in the old Northwest
Joseph Brant leads the Mohawks and others to help the British attack colonists on the frontier. Why?
George Rogers Clark leads colonial forces to seize key forts, cutting British supplies and communications to the interior.
Much of the fighting centers on control of rivers and forts at places like Kaskaskia and Vincennes.

10. Privateers and Mariners in the Revolutionary War
The 13 Colonies, having declared their Independence, had only 31 ships comprising the Continental Navy. To add to this, they issued Letters of Marque to privately owned, armed merchant ships and Commissions for privateers, which were outfitted as warships to prey on enemy merchant ships. Merchant seamen who manned these ships contributed to the very birth and founding of our Republic.
Comparison of Navy vs. Privateers in Revolutionary War
 Continental Navy
 Privateers
Total ships 64
1,697
Total guns on ships
1,242
14,872
Enemy ships captured
196
2,283
Ships captured by enemy ?
1,323

11. What do the contributions of James Forten symbolize. (pg
What do the contributions of James Forten symbolize? (pg. 204) Why do Americans consider John Paul Jones the “father of the American navy”? (pg. 205)

12. John Paul Jones
He took the war to the enemy's homeland with daring raids along the British coast and the famous victory of the Bonhomme Richard over HMS Serapis. After the Bonhomme Richard began taking on water and fires broke out on board, the British commander asked Jones if he had struck his flag. Jones replied, "I have not yet begun to fight!" In the end, it was the British commander who surrendered. …Throughout his naval career Jones promoted professional standards and training. Sailors of the United States Navy can do no better than to emulate the spirit behind John Paul Jones's stirring declaration: "I wish to have no connection with any ship that does not sail fast for I intend to go in harm's way."