2. Basic Proposition: 2 The concepts and practices of industrial relations and human resource management are insufficient analytical and practical tools to understand and conduct the increasing complicated process of employment relations. Therefor a newer bridging concept and approach is required.

3.  It is concerned with: ◦ employment, unemployment and self employment ◦ how Individuals, groups, organisations or the State have their interests represented ◦ investigating what these interests are ◦ discovering how individuals manage and promote their interests within an organisation ◦ the way in which conflict is managed and regulated. What is Employment Relations 3

4.  An important precursor to the older version of Employment Relations is the Systems Approach  The Systems Approach was an early attempt to place Industrial Relations into a general theory or framework- traditional actors were seen to be the State, employers, unions and employees  This approach also emphasised rules and practices as key Employment Relations outputs Older version of Employment Relations 4

5.  Limitations of the Systems Approach ◦ more of a descriptive framework than an explanatory approach to Employment Relations ◦ preoccupied with rules and stability ◦ tends to overlook the dynamics of interest divergence and conflict Older version of Employment Relations 5

6. 6

7.  Has broadened over time, is still evolving  Uses an interdisciplinary approach- sociology, economics, psychology, history and politics  Can use a conflict frame of reference similar to but not identical with the Older Version of Employment relations- radical pluralism and marxism, pluralism and unitarism. Definition of the ‘new’ Employment Relations approach 7

8.  International  National  Industry  Organisational or corporate  Workplace  Individual. Levels of Employment Relations 8

9.  Social Action: ◦ Individual, subjective and action or-oriented approach to Employment Relations  ‘asks’ such questions as how does the individual ‘see’ or interpret employment relations  recognises that people may not share similar ideology and often attach different meanings to Employment Relations interactions and changes  It tries to explain individual behaviour- motivation, bargaining and conflict resolution. Employment Relations 9

10.  Social Approach ◦ Weakness of this approach  its explanations tend to be subjective and are often ideologically motivated  Difficult to obtain a comprehensive view of Employment Relations changes and interactions. Employment Relations 10

11.  Conflict frames of reference: ◦ - attempt to explain why conflict exists in the workplace, the status that is attached to conflict (i.e. positive or negative) and how conflicts should be addressed to employers, unions and employees ◦ -conflict frames of reference constitute a general view of employer and employee relationship ◦ -wide coverage: from unitarism to marxism. Employment Relations 11

12.  Unitarism ◦ Paternalism, little or ‘no room’ for conflict, or union or employee influence ◦ Managerial prerogative is stressed ◦ Neo- unitarism: in certain forms of HRM ◦ Criticisms:  Unrealistic and can lead to employee unhappiness and lower productivity  By passes different views of employee rights. Employment Relations 12

13.  Pluralism ◦ Acknowledges managerial prerogative and employee rights- operates as a continuous balancing act ◦ Collective and individual approaches ◦ Criticisms  May focus too much in conflict resolution and how to accommodate changes and power differences- thus there is a need for a more comprehensive analysis of conflict  Could put more emphasis on government influence and how power differences exist at all Employment Relations levels. Employment Relations 13

14.  Radical Pluralism (influenced by Marxism) ◦ Conflict is inherent in Employment Relations  -power imbalance between employees and employers  Unions can counter but not overcome exploitation of employees  Radical pluralism emphasises power differences and private ownership of the means of production. Employers have power and use it to further their own goals. The State is not a neutral actor and is influenced by the structure and power constellations of the capitalist society. Employment Relations 14

15.  The language may have changed but a lot of the components have remained the same. Conclusion 15