1. XML Anisha K J Jerrin Thomas

2. Outline  Introduction  Structure of an XML Page  Well-formed & Valid XML Documents  DTD – Elements, Attributes, Entities  Parsing Strategies – DOM, SAX  XML Technologies – XSL, XQuery, Etc

3. Introduction  Extensible Markup Language.  Used to describe data.  Can define our own tags.  Define data structures.  Make these Structures platform independent.  Process Xml defined data automatically.

4. Why do we need Xml  Data-exchange  Makes communication easy.  Possible to define other languages.

5. Structure of an XML Page Content

6. Logical Structure  The Prolog 1. XML declaration 2. Document type declaration  The Document Element

7. Physical Structure  The content of an XML file is contained in chunks of information called entities. 1. Internal or External 2. Parsed or Unparsed  Attributes

8. Tags  Should have start tag and closing tag  Tags are case sensitive  All tags must be nested properly  Comments can be used as in HTML<!— comments   Between start and empty tag there is content  Empty Tag:

9. Elements and Sub-elements Example: volvo v40 green

10. Attributes  Syntax:....  Example: volvo  The same information can also be defined without using attributes as follows: volvo green

11. Well Formed Xml Documents  Contain a root element.  All other elements are children of the root element.  All elements are correctly paired.  The element name in a start-tag and an end-tag are exactly the same.  Attribute names are used only once within the same element.

12. Valid Xml Documents  The document must be well formed.  The document must follow the rules defined in DTD.

13. DTD – Document Type Definition  Contains rules for particular type of Xml documents.  It describes the set of valid: 1. Elements 2. Attributes 3. Entities

14. Elements  XML elements are declared with an element declaration. The syntax is:   Category: #PCDATA, EMPTY, ANY  Element content: Data or Sub-elements

15. Number of Sub-elements  + one or more  * zero or more  ? Once or not at all  | Choice

16. Attributes  Syntax:  E.g.:

17. Attribute type 1.CDATAThe value is character data 2.(en1|en2|..) The value must be one from an enumerated list 3.IDThe value is a unique id 4.IDREFThe value is the id of another element 5.IDREFSThe value is a list of other ids 6.NMTOKENThe value is a valid XML name 7.NMTOKENSThe value is a list of valid XML names 8.ENTITYThe value is an entity 9.ENTITIESThe value is a list of entities 10.NOTATIONThe value is a name of a notation 11.xml:The value is a predefined xml value

18. Default values 1.ValueThe default value of the attribute 2.#REQUIREDThe attribute value must be included 3.#IMPLIEDThe attribute need not be included 4.#FIXED valueThe attribute value is fixed

19. Entities  Internal Entity Declaration  External Entity Declaration  Syntax:  DTD Example:  XML example: &writer;&copyright;

20. Internal & External DTDs Internal: External: DTD is specified after Xml declaration Public DTD: Used for broad and public usage

21. XML Parsing Strategies  Simple API for Xml(SAX)  Document Object Model(DOM)  Xml pull parsing

22. DOM – Document Object Model  The DOM represents a tree view of the XML document.  A node interface model is used to access the individual elements in the node tree.  XML elements can be extracted from an XML document by traversing the node tree, by accessing the elements by number, or by accessing the elements by name.

23. Node Types 1.Document type: 2.Processing inst: 3.Element: Carlsberg 4.Attribute:type="beer" 5.Text:Carlsberg

24. XML DOM Objects 1.DOM Node 2.DOM NodeList 3.DOM Document 4.DOM Element 5.DOM Attr 6.DOM Text 7.DOM CDATA 8.DOM Comment

25. XML Technologies  XSL – XSLT, XSL-FO, Xpath  XQuery  XML Schema  XForms

26. XSL - eXtensible Stylesheet Language XSL consists of three parts:  XSLT is a language for transforming XML documents  XPath is a language for defining parts of an XML document  XSL-FO is a language for formatting XML documents

27. XQuery  XQuery is a language for querying XML data  XQuery is built on XPath expressions  XQuery for XML is like SQL for databases

28. XML Schema  The purpose of an XML Schema is to define the legal building blocks of an XML document, just like a DTD.  Soon XML Schemas will be used in most Web applications as a replacement for DTDs.  Here are some reasons: 1. XML Schemas are extensible to future additions 2. XML Schemas are richer and more useful than DTDs 3. XML Schemas are written in XML 4. XML Schemas support data types 5. XML Schemas support namespaces

29. XForms  XForms are the next generation of HTML forms  XForms are designed to handle interactive transactions  XForms are platform and device independent  XForms separate data and logic from presentation  XForms use XML to define forms  XForms contain features like calculations and validations of forms (less scripting is required)

30. Conclusion  XML page with our own tags, attributes etc.  DTD – Document Type Definition.  Parsing – DOM, SAX >> to application layer.  Display – CSS, XSL.

31. Thank You