1. Lindsey Miller and Reid Scholz
Language
Lindsey Miller and Reid Scholz

2. Language
Language is a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.
Many languages have a literacy tradition which is a system of written language
There are a estimated of 6,909 languages in the world, many countries designate at least one official language.
Hyperpolyglot

3. Language Definitions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irGk5PItLgk
Proto-tongue is the very first language
Language divergence – When speakers of the same language scatter and develop variations of that original form of language
Language shift- when speakers come into contact with other languages, a blending of the two or more language can occur
Language replacement- occurs when invaders replace the language of those places they conquer. Can lead to extinction of the language and its also be when a language is no longer used.

4. Language Definitions Ctd.
Reverse Reconstruction- Is the process that begins with the most recent places of the languages existence and moves backward through time,
Dialect- Regional variations within a standard language and differences in pronunciation grammar, and vocabulary.
Language Family- Collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistorical origin.

5. Language Definitions Ctd
Language branch- Collection of languages that possesses a definite common origin but has split into individual languages
Language group- Collection of several individual languages that is part of a language branch, shares a common origin in the recent past, and has relatively similar grammar and vocabulary.

6. Language Hearths
Traditional approaches in cultural geography have identified the source areas of the worlds languages and the paths of diffusion of those languages from their places of origins.

7. Indo- European Branches
Indo- European is the most common family
Indo- European family is divided into eight branches
They are Germanic, Indo- Iranian, Baltic languages, Romance, Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic.

8. Germanic Branch West Germanic -Language group in Germanic branch
-English is a part of this group
-English and German have many words in common
-Further divided High and Low Germanic

9. West Germanic Branch High Germanic
-Found in high elevations in Germany and spoken in southern mountains
-Is the modern standard German language
Low Germanic
-English
-Dutch
-Flemish

10. Indo-Iranian Branch Includes more than 100 million speakers
The two Branches are the Eastern group (Indic) and Western group (Iranian)
Indic
-Most widely used in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
Iranian
-Includes Persian, Pashto, and Kurdish
-Spoken in Iran and Southwestern Asia

11. Baltic-Slavic Branch Divided into East, West, South, and Baltic East
-Most widely used of the Slavic languages
-Part of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages
West Slavic
-Includes the Polish, Czech, and Slovak languages
South
-Spoken in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Herzegovina

12. Romance Branch Four most widely used is -Spanish -Portuguese -French
-Italian

13. Language Tree Linguist have organized languages into a language tree
Tree is subdivided into
-19 language families
-Each family has its own branches
-Each branch has its own groups
-Each group has its own language

14. Classification of Languages
Family
% spoken by in the world
Indo-European
45%
Sino-Tibetan
22%
Afro-Asiatic 6%
Austronesian 5%
Niger-Congo 4%
Altaic 2%
Austro-Asiatic
Japanese

15. Preserving Language
The distribution of language is a measure of the fate of an ethnic group.
Extinct Languages
-Languages no longer spoken or read in daily activities
Reviving Extinct Languages
-Hebrew language is an example of one of the languages that have been revived.

16. Multilingual State Conflict
Canada
English and French Languages
French speakers in Quebec, have fought for increased recognition and power against the English speaking Canadian majority
Belgium
Dutch and French Languages
The Dutch-speaking north and French-speaking south compete for power and control
Cyprus
Greek and Turkish Languages
Greek majority and Turkish minority compete for control of this island-country
Nigeria
Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo and 230 others Languages
Hausa speakers in the north, Yoruba in the southwest and Ibo in the southeast paint a divided Nigeria in which some 230 other complicate Nigeria's unification.

17. Monolingual States Country with one official language. Few only exist
Examples are Japan and France.
Japan
-Relatively monolingual due to its immigration laws
France
-Fought to preserve monolingual heritage

18. Isolated Languages
A language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family
Arise through lack of interaction with speakers of other languages

19. Global Dominance of English
Lingua Franca
-Language of international communication
-Mixing two languages into common simple language
Pidgin Language
-A simplified form of lingua franca
-Mix some elements of own language
Ebonics
-Distinctive African American Dialect

20. Global Dominance of English
English words have been increasingly integrated into other languages
Franglais- French and English
Spanglish- Spanish and English
Denglish- Diffusion of English into German