1. Exception Handling and Format output

2. Midterm exam Date: Nov 1 st, 2006 Content: Week 1 to Week 8 Format: Multiple choice Determine the results of the code Write simple code

3. Project 1 - Documentation Description of a class (an important method should be described in a similar way) public class Report extends java.lang.Object PURPOSE: This program produces a report for the eBooks Company showing the sales totals for each genre, and in each genre, broken down for each month when this particular genre is for sale. Using information about each sale transaction including genre, month (of the transaction), ISBN of the book prints a summary line for each month (belongs to each specific genre) and each genre At the end of the report, the total number of books sold, the total money, the most active genre will be printed. DATA: The program reads a text file named SAMPLEBOOK.txt. Each line of the file should represent one transaction from eBooks in the following format: ISBN Column 1–Column 9 Title Column 10- Column 49 Genre Column 50 -Column 62 Price Column 63-Column 68 PublishedYear Column 69-Column 72 Day Column 73 – Column 74 Month Column 75 – Column 76 Lines of the file must be sorted by genre, and in each genre, sorted by month

4. Project 1 - Documentation Internal comments: Remember to comments on the code, especially when you have do Define constants don’t just use 10, 12

5. Introduction Exception – an indication of a problem that occurs during a program’s execution Exception handling – resolving exceptions that may occur so program can continue or terminate gracefully Exception handling enables programmers to create programs that are more robust and fault-tolerant

6. Introduction Examples –ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException – an attempt is made to access an element past the end of an array –NullPointerException – when a null reference is used where an object is expected

7. Exception-Handling Overview Intermixing program logic with error-handling logic can make programs difficult to read, modify, maintain and debug Exception handling enables programmers to remove error-handling code from the “main line” of the program’s execution Improves clarity Enhances modifiability

8. Example: Not Catching Exceptions String inputStr; int age; inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Age:"); age = Integer.parseInt(inputStr); Error message for invalid input Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "ten" at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(Unknown Source) at java.lang.Integer.parseInt(Unknown Source) at Week7.SimpleException.main(SimpleException.java:12)

9. Catching an Exception inputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Age:"); try { age = Integer.parseInt(inputStr); } catch (NumberFormatException e){ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "’" + inputStr + "‘ is invalid\n" + "Please enter digits only"); } trycatch

10. Performance Tip If the potential problems occur infrequently, intermixing program and error-handling logic can degrade a program’s performance, because the program must perform (potentially frequent) tests to determine whether the task executed correctly and the next task can be performed.

11. Try-catch: what does that mean? When an exception occurs, or is thrown, the normal sequence of flow is terminated. The exception-handling routine is then executed; we say the thrown exception is caught.

12. Try-catch: what does that mean? try block – encloses code that might throw an exception and the code that should not execute if an exception occurs Consists of keyword try followed by a block of code enclosed in curly braces

13. Try-catch: what does that mean? catch block – catches (i.e., receives) and handles an exception, contains: –Begins with keyword catch –Exception parameter in parentheses – exception parameter identifies the exception type and enables catch block to interact with caught exception object –Block of code in curly braces that executes when exception of proper type occurs

14. Try-catch: what does that mean? Matching catch block – the type of the exception parameter matches the thrown exception type exactly or is a superclass of it Uncaught exception – an exception that occurs for which there are no matching catch blocks –Cause program to terminate if program has only one thread; Otherwise only current thread is terminated and there may be adverse effects to the rest of the program

15. try-catch Control Flow

16. Project 3 discussion Read a line from the data file That line is not null? Use StringTokenizer with delimiter =“;” Create an object with the newly extracted field Checking for error using that object* Read a line from the data file

17. Project 3 discussion Checking for invoice code: If (.length() < 6) error A Else if (invoice code doesn’t start with 3 capital letters) error B Else if (invoice code has 3 000 at the end) error C Else error V

18. try-catch Control Flow When an exception occurs: –try block terminates immediately –Program control transfers to first matching catch block After exception is handled: –Termination model of exception handling – program control does not return to the throw point because the try block has expired; Flow of control proceeds to the first statement after the last catch block –Resumption model of exception handling – program control resumes just after throw point

19. try-catch Control Flow try statement – consists of try block and corresponding catch and/or finally blocks Logic errors can occur if you assume that after an exception is handled, control will return to the first statement after the throw point.

20. Tip With exception handling, a program can continue executing (rather than terminating) after dealing with a problem. This helps ensure the kind of robust applications that contribute to what is called mission-critical computing or business-critical computing.

21. Review To catch an exception, code must be enclosed in a a. throws block. b. catch block. c. try block. d. finally block.

22. Review To catch an exception, code must be enclosed in a a. throws block. b. catch block. c. try block. d. finally block.

23. Review An uncaught exception: a. is a possible exception that never actually occurs during the execution of the program. b. is an exception that occurs for which the matching catch clause is empty. c. is an exception that occurs for which there are no matching catch clauses. d. is another term for a thrown exception

24. Review An uncaught exception: a. is a possible exception that never actually occurs during the execution of the program. b. is an exception that occurs for which the matching catch clause is empty. c. is an exception that occurs for which there are no matching catch clauses. d. is another term for a thrown exception

25. Getting Information There are two methods we can call to get information about the thrown exception: –getMessage –printStackTrace try {... } catch (NumberFormatException e){ System.out.println(e.getMessage()); System.out.println(e.printStackTrace()); }

26. printStackTrace, getStackTrace and getMessage Methods in class Throwable retrieve more information about an exception –printStackTrace – outputs stack trace to standard error stream –getStackTrace – retrieves stack trace information as an array of StackTraceElement objects; enables custom processing of the exception information –getMessage – returns the descriptive string stored in an exception

27. Multiple catch Blocks A single try-catch statement can include multiple catch blocks, one for each type of exception. try {... age = Integer.parseInt(inputStr); // Asuming I have a file I/O here... } catch (NumberFormatException e){... } catch ( FileNotFoundException file_error ){... }

28. Multiple catch Control Flow

29. The finally Block There are situations where we need to take certain actions regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not. We place statements that must be executed regardless of exceptions in the finally block.

30. try-catch-finally Control Flow

31. Propagating Exceptions Instead of catching a thrown exception by using the try-catch statement, we can propagate the thrown exception back to the caller of our method. The method header includes the reserved word throws. public int getAge( ) throws NumberFormatException {... int age = Integer.parseInt(inputStr);... return age; }

32. Throwing Exceptions We can write a method that throws an exception directly, i.e., this method is the origin of the exception. Use the throw reserved to create a new instance of the Exception or its subclasses. The method header includes the reserved word throws. public void doWork(int num) throws Exception {... if (num != val) throw new Exception("Invalid val");... }

33. Sample Call Sequence

34. Exception Thrower When a method may throw an exception, either directly or indirectly, we call the method an exception thrower. Every exception thrower must be one of two types: –catcher. –propagator.

35. Review Which of the following is not true regarding the throw point of an exception? a. It specifies the point at which the exception must be handled. b. It is the initial point at which the exception occurs. c. It is specified as the top row of the method- call stack at the time the exception occurred. d. All of the above statements are true.

36. Review Which of the following is not true regarding the throw point of an exception? a. It specifies the point at which the exception must be handled. b. It is the initial point at which the exception occurs. c. It is specified as the top row of the method- call stack at the time the exception occurred. d. All of the above statements are true.

37. Review Which of the following is not true regarding the throw point of an exception? a. It specifies the point at which the exception must be handled. b. It is the initial point at which the exception occurs. c. It is specified as the top row of the method- call stack at the time the exception occurred. d. All of the above statements are true.

38. Review question Which of the following statements is not true? a. Exception handling enables programmers to write robust and fault-tolerant programs. b. Exception handling can only catch the exception but cannot resolve the exception. c. Exception handling can resolve exceptions. d. The Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, Version 1.4 introduced the new chained exception feature.

39. Review question Which of the following statements is not true? a. Exception handling enables programmers to write robust and fault-tolerant programs. b. Exception handling can only catch the exception but cannot resolve the exception. c. Exception handling can resolve exceptions. d. The Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, Version 1.4 introduced the new chained exception feature.

40. Debugging 101 execute your Java program line by line examine the value of variables at different points in the program How to do: set a breakpoint in your code so the debugger suspends execution ( double-click in the gray margin on the left side of the editor ) choose Run -> Debug As -> Java Applications

41. Types of Exception Throwers An exception catcher is an exception thrower that includes a matching catch block for the thrown exception. An exception propagator does not contain a matching catch block. A method may be a catcher of one exception and a propagator of another.

42. Using the throws Clause throws clause – specifies the exceptions a method may throws –Appears after method’s parameter list and before the method’s body –Contains a comma-separated list of exceptions –Exceptions can be thrown by statements in method’s body of by methods called in method’s body –Exceptions can be of types listed in throws clause or subclasses

43. When to Use Exception Handling Exception handling designed to process synchronous errors Synchronous errors – occur when a statement executes Asynchronous errors – occur in parallel with and independent of the program’s flow of control

44. Java Exception Hierarchy All exceptions inherit either directly or indirectly from class Exception Exception classes form an inheritance hierarchy that can be extended Class Throwable, superclass of Exception –Only Throwable objects can be used with the exception-handling mechanism –Has two subclasses: Exception and Error Class Exception and its subclasses represent exception situations that can occur in a Java program and that can be caught by the application Class Error and its subclasses represent abnormal situations that could happen in the JVM – it is usually not possible for a program to recover from Error s

45. Portion of class Throwable ’s inheritance hierarchy.

46. Checked vs. Runtime There are two types of exceptions: –Checked/Compiling time –Unchecked/Run time A checked exception is an exception that is checked at compile time. All other exceptions are unchecked, or runtime, exceptions. As the name suggests, they are detected only at runtime.

47. Different Handling Rules When calling a method that can throw checked exceptions –use the try-catch statement and place the call in the try block, or –modify the method header to include the appropriate throws clause. When calling a method that can throw runtime exceptions, it is optional to use the try-catch statement or modify the method header to include a throws clause.

48. Handling Checked/Compiling Exceptions

49. Handling Unchecked/Runtime Exceptions

50. Java Exception Hierarchy Two categories of exceptions: checked and unchecked Checked exceptions –Exceptions that inherit from class Exception but not from RuntimeException –Compiler enforces a catch-or-declare requirement –Compiler checks each method call and method declaration to determine whether the method throws checked exceptions. If so, the compiler ensures that the checked exception is caught or is declared in a throws clause. If not caught or declared, compiler error occurs.

51. Java Exception Hierarchy Unchecked exceptions –Inherit from class RuntimeException or class Error –Compiler does not check code to see if exception is caught or declared –If an unchecked exception occurs and is not caught, the program terminates or runs with unexpected results –Can typically be prevented by proper coding

52. Java Exception Hierarchy catch block catches all exceptions of its type and subclasses of its type If there are multiple catch blocks that match a particular exception type, only the first matching catch block executes It makes sense to use a catch block of a superclass when all the catch blocks for that class’s subclasses will perform the same functionality

53. Outline

54. Review Exceptions can occur: a. from the Java Virtual Machine. b. through explicitly mentioned code in a try block. c. through calls to other methods made in a try block. d. All of the above.

55. Review Exceptions can occur: a. from the Java Virtual Machine. b. through explicitly mentioned code in a try block. c. through calls to other methods made in a try block. d. All of the above.

56. Review In the catch block below, what is nullPointerException? catch ( NullPointerException nullPointerException ) { System.err.println(“nullPointerException”); } // end catch a. The type of the exception being caught. b. The name of catch block’s exception parameter. c. A finally block. d. An exception handler.

57. Review In the catch block below, what is nullPointerException? catch ( NullPointerException nullPointerException ) { System.err.println(“nullPointerException”); } // end catch a. The type of the exception being caught. b. The name of catch block’s exception parameter. c. A finally block. d. An exception handler.

58. Throwing Exceptions Using the throw Statement throw statement – used to throw exceptions Programmers can thrown exceptions themselves from a method if something has gone wrong throw statement consists of keyword throw followed by the exception object

59. Rethrowing Exceptions Exceptions are rethrown when a catch block decides either that it cannot process the exception or that it can only partially process it Exception is deferred to outer try statement Exception is rethrown by using keyword throw followed by a reference to the exception object

60. Stack Unwinding Stack unwinding – When an exception is thrown but not caught in a particular scope, the method-call stack is “unwound,” and an attempt is made to catch the exception in the next outer try block.

61. Stack Unwinding When unwinding occurs: –The method in which the exception was not caught terminates –All local variables in that method go out of scope –Control returns to the statement that originally invoked the method – if a try block encloses the method call, an attempt is made to catch the exception.

62. Declaring New Exception Types You can declare your own exception classes that are specific to the problems that can occur when another program uses your reusable classes New exception class must extend an existing exception class

63. Declaring New Exception Types Typically contains only two constructors –One takes no arguments, passes a default exception messages to the superclass constructor –One that receives a customized exception message as a string and passes it to the superclass constructor

64. Preconditions and Postconditions Preconditions and postconditions are the states before and after a method’s execution Used to facilitate debugging and improve design You should state the preconditions and postconditions in a comment before the method declaration

65. Preconditions and Postconditions Preconditions –Condition that must be true when the method is invoked –Describe method parameters and any other expectations the method has about the current state of a program –If preconditions not met, method’s behavior is undefined

66. Preconditions and Postconditions Postconditions –Condition that is true after the method successfully returns –Describe the return value and any other side- effects the method may have –When calling a method, you may assume that a method fulfills all of its postconditions

67. Assertions Assertions are conditions that should be true at a particular point in a method Help ensure a program’s validity by catching potential bugs Preconditions and Postconditions are two kinds of assertions Assertions can be stated as comments or assertions can be validated programmatically using the assert statement

68. Assertions The syntax for the assert statement is assert ; where represents the condition that must be true if the code is working correctly. If the expression results in false, an AssertionError (a subclass of Error) is thrown.

69. Sample Use #1 public double deposit(double amount) { double oldBalance = balance; balance += amount; assert balance > oldBalance; } public double withdraw(double amount) { double oldBalance = balance; balance -= amount; assert balance < oldBalance; }

70. Second Form The assert statement may also take the form: assert : ; where represents the value passed as an argument to the constructor of the AssertionError class. The value serves as the detailed message of a thrown exception.

71. Sample Use #2 public double deposit(double amount) { double oldBalance = balance; balance += amount; assert balance > oldBalance : "Serious Error – balance did not " + " increase after deposit"; }

72. Compiling Programs with Assertions Before Java 2 SDK 1.4, the word assert is a valid nonreserved identifier. In version 1.4 and after, the word assert is treated as a regular identifier to ensure compatibility. To enable the assertion mechanism, compile the source file using javac –source 1.4

73. Format Outputs

74. Introduction Class Formatter –Formats and outputs data to a specified destination E.g., a string or a file output stream

75. Streams –Sequences of bytes –Can often be redirected Standard input – keyboard Standard output – screen Standard error – screen More in Chapters 14 and 24