1. 4 - 1 CHAPTER 4 Risk and Return: The Basics Basic return concepts Basic risk concepts Stand-alone risk

2. 4 - 2 What are investment returns? Investment returns measure the financial results of an investment. Returns may be historical or prospective (anticipated). Returns can be expressed in: Dollar terms. Percentage terms.

3. 4 - 3 What is the return on an investment that costs $1,000 and is sold after 1 year for $1,100? Dollar return: Percentage return: $ Received - $ Invested $1,100 - $1,000 = $100. $ Return/$ Invested $100/$1,000 = 0.10 = 10%.

4. 4 - 4 What is investment risk? Typically, investment returns are not known with certainty. Investment risk pertains to the probability of earning a return less than that expected. The greater the chance of a return far below the expected return, the greater the risk.

5. 4 - 5 Probability distribution Rate of return (%) 50150-20 Stock X Stock Y Which stock is riskier? Why? 30

6. 4 - 6 Stock Y is riskier

7. 4 - 7 Measuring Stand-Alone Risk: Standard deviation σ 1- Standard deviation σ ( absolute mean of risk) Standard deviation measures the stand- alone risk of an investment. The larger the standard deviation, the higher the probability that returns will be far below the expected return.

8. 4 - 8 Measuring Stand-Alone Risk: The Coefficient of Variation 2- The coefficient of variation CV (an alternative measure of stand-alone risk.) CV = σ/ r^ It shows the risk per unit of return and it provide a more meaningful basis for comparison when the expected return on two alternatives are not the same.

9. 4 - 9 Assume the Following Investment Alternatives EconomyProb.T-BillAltaRepoAm F.MP Recession 0.10 8.0%-22.0% 28.0% 10.0%-13.0% Below avg. 0.20 8.0 -2.0 14.7-10.0 1.0 Average 0.40 8.0 20.0 0.0 7.0 15.0 Above avg. 0.20 8.0 35.0-10.0 45.0 29.0 Boom 0.10 8.0 50.0-20.0 30.0 43.0 1.00

10. 4 - 10 What is unique about the T-bill return? The T-bill will return 8% regardless of the state of the economy. Is the T-bill riskless? Explain.

11. 4 - 11 Do the returns of Alta Inds. and Repo Men move with or counter to the economy? Alta Inds. moves with the economy, so it is positively correlated with the economy. This is the typical situation. Repo Men moves counter to the economy. Such negative correlation is unusual.

12. 4 - 12 Calculate the expected rate of return on each alternative. r = expected rate of return. r Alta = 0.10(-22%) + 0.20(-2%) + 0.40(20%) + 0.20(35%) + 0.10(50%) = 17.4%. ^ ^

13. 4 - 13 Alta has the highest rate of return. Does that make it best? r Alta17.4% Market15.0 Am. Foam13.8 T-bill 8.0 Repo Men 1.7 ^

14. 4 - 14 What is the standard deviation of returns for each alternative?

15. 4 - 15  T-bills = 0.0%.  Alta = 20.0%.  Repo =13.4%.  Am Foam =18.8%.  Market =15.3%. Alta Inds:  = ((-22 - 17.4) 2 0.10 + (-2 - 17.4) 2 0.20 + (20 - 17.4) 2 0.40 + (35 - 17.4) 2 0.20 + (50 - 17.4) 2 0.10) 1/2 = 20.0%.

16. 4 - 16 Prob. Rate of Return (%) T-bill Am. F. Alta 0813.817.4

17. 4 - 17 Standard deviation measures the stand-alone risk of an investment. The larger the standard deviation, the higher the probability that returns will be far below the expected return. Coefficient of variation is an alternative measure of stand-alone risk.

18. 4 - 18 Expected Return versus Risk Expected Securityreturn Risk,  Alta Inds. 17.4% 20.0% Market 15.0 15.3 Am. Foam 13.8 18.8 T-bills 8.0 0.0 Repo Men 1.7 13.4

19. 4 - 19 Coefficient of Variation: CV = Standard deviation/expected return CV T-BILLS = 0.0%/8.0% = 0.0. CV Alta Inds = 20.0%/17.4%= 1.1. CV Repo Men = 13.4%/1.7%= 7.9. CV Am. Foam = 18.8%/13.8%= 1.4. CV M = 15.3%/15.0%= 1.0.

20. 4 - 20 Expected Return versus Coefficient of Variation ExpectedRisk: Securityreturn  CV Alta Inds 17.4% 20.0%1.1 Market 15.0 15.31.0 Am. Foam 13.8 18.81.4 T-bills 8.0 0.0 Repo Men 1.7 13.47.9

21. 4 - 21 Return vs. Risk (Std. Dev.): Which investment is best?