1. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved OpenLink Virtuoso – Linked Data Deploying Linked Data

2. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Linked Data Term coined by Tim Berners-Lee Describes recommended best practice for exposing & connecting data on the Semantic Web Use the RDF data model Identify real or abstract things (resources) in your universe of discourse (Data Spaces), using URIs as unique IDs Make URIs accessible via HTTP so people can discover and explore these Data Spaces Allow these URIs to be dereferenced and return information Include links to provide discovery paths to entities in other Data Spaces

3. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Deployment Challenges Semantic Data Web vs Traditional Document Web These are two dimensions of the Web separated by a common element – the URI Document Web URIs always point to physical resources (they are URLs) Data Web URIs Identify physical or abstract resources URIs for the Document and Data Webs must be interpreted differently

4. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Web Resources What do we really mean by the term resource? The Traditional and Semantic Webs require subtly different interpretations

5. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Document Web Resources In the traditional Document Web: All resources are document-orientated URI dereferencing returns a document Rendered representation is nearly always a document No real distinction between a resource and its representation Such resources have been referred to as information resources

6. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Semantic Web Resources In the Semantic Web: A URI identifies a thing (piece of data) in a data space The identity of a thing is distinct from its address and representation things may have several possible representations the most desirable representation of a thing may change, depending on the consumer (human or software-agent) things may be associated with data at different addresses within a data space Unfortunately, URIs identifying things are generally referred to as non- information resources in AWWW parlance Entity or Object IDs, or Data Source Names, are preferable terms

7. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Access vs Reference The Semantic and Document Webs interpret the term resource differently A corollary of this difference in interpretation is: The Semantic and Document Webs interpret URIs differently Document Web: assumes that a resource URI provides an address to a document or other resource types Semantic Web: a URI simply Identifies a thing – data access returns a description of the thing/entity, not the thing/entity itself (e.g. the entity may be Paris)

8. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Access vs Reference – Another View Paraphrasing Pat Hayes paper In Defense of Ambiguity Names (URIs) are used to both refer to (reference) and access things Access should be unambiguous A name (URI) should provide an unambiguous access path Reference to abstract (physically inaccessible) entities is inherently ambiguous Referring to an abstract entity relies on describing the entity As there are many possible descriptions (facets), reference is ambiguous

9. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Deployment Challenges Weve established that the Semantic Web and Linked Data require: Data access with unambiguous naming Data (de)reference with ambiguous association Or put another way, we need mechanisms for an HTTP server to: Answer the question Does this URI identify a (physical) document resource or an (RDF based) abstract entity/thing? Provide alternative representations of an entity/thing

10. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Deployment Challenge Resolution Two solutions proposed by the SemWeb Community: Distinguish resource type through URL formats Hash vs slash URLs Content negotiation with URL rewriting

11. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Hash vs Slash URLs A solution using the syntax of the URL to differentiate abstract resources from information resources Slash URIs Dont contain a fragment identifier (#) Identify document resources in traditional Web E.g. http://demo.openlinksw.com/Northwind/Customer/ALFKI Identifies a physical (X)HTML document Hash URIs Contain a fragment identifier Identify data resources (entities) in Semantic Web E.g. http://demo.openlinksw.com/Northwind/Customer/ALFKI#this Identifies the entity ALFKI, distinct from its representation

12. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Content Negotiation Mechanism defined in HTTP specification Makes it possible to serve different versions of a document (or, more generally, a resource) at the same URL Software agents can choose which version they want. HTML Web browsers prefer HTML/XHTML Semantic Web browsers prefer RDF/XML

13. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Content Negotiation - Example HTTP Request: HTML browser requests a HTML/XHTML document in English or French GET /whitepapers/data_mngmnt HTTP/1.1 Host: www.openlinksw.com Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml Accept-Language: en, fr Accept header indicates preferred MIME types RDF browser might instead stipulate a MIME type of application/rdf+xml or application/rdf+n3

14. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Content Negotiation - Example HTTP Response: Server redirects to a URL where the appropriate version can be found HTTP/1.1 302 Found Location: http://www.openlinksw.com/whitepapers/data_mngmnt.en.html Redirect is indicated by HTTP status code 302 (Found) Client then sends another HTTP request to the new URL HTTP defines several 3xx status codes for redirection

15. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved HttpRange-14 Recommendations W3C TAG guidelines for indicating resource type through HTTP response code (aka the HttpRange-14 issue) 4xx or 5xx (error) 303 (see other) 200 (success) HTTP Response Code Nothing A URI A representation Material Returned The specified resource or representation format does not exist. The resource may be an information or non-information resource. The client is being redirected to an associated representation of the resource in the desired format. The URI of the associated resource has been returned. Requested resource is an information resource. A representation has been returned. Inference

16. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Content Negotiation Decision Table 200 OK (return an information resource in the form of RDF document that DESCRIBES the Entity) 406 (Not available in this format) or 303 (Redirect to associated resource in requested representation format) Entity /Object ID http://demo.openlinksw.com /Northwind/Customer/ALFKI #this 303 (Redirect to URL that DESCRIBEs the entity http://demo.openlinksw.c om/Northwind/Customer/ ALFKI#this in a given Data Space) 200 OK Document resource http://demo.openlinksw.com /Northwind/Customer/ALFKI RDF Representation Requested (X)HTML Representation Requested URI TypeURI

17. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriting Is the act of modifying a URL prior to final processing by a Web server Provides a means to build a URL on the fly identifying the resource in the required representation format referred to by a 303 redirection Ideal solution is a rules-based URL rewriting processing pipeline using regular expression or sprintf substitutions

18. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriting – Example Pipeline Last (must be last in processing chain) For 406: Vary: negotiate, accept Alternates: {ALFKI 0.9 {type application/rdf+xml}} 406 (Not acceptable) or 303 redirect to an associated description of the resource (text/html) | (application/xhtml.x ml) /Northwind/Custom er/([^#]*) Normal (order irrelevant) None303 redirect to an associated description of the resource (text/rdf.n3) | (application/rdf.xml) /Northwind/Custom er/([^#]*) Normal (order irrelevant) None200 or 303 redirect to a resource with default representation None (i.e. default)/Northwind/Custom er/([^#]*) Processing OrderHTTP Response Headers Rule HTTP Response Code HTTP Accept Header (Regex) Source URI (Regex)

19. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Deploying Linked Data Using Virtuoso Virtuosos approach is to implement the generic solution outlined so far, using Content negotiation URL rewriting Virtuoso includes a Rules-based URL Rewriter Can be used to inject Semantic Web data into the Document Web

20. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriting Example – The Aim URI dereferenced by RDF browser client or becomes after rewriting (omitting URL encoding) /sparql?query = CONSTRUCT { ?p ?o } FROM WHERE { ?p ?o }

21. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriting for RDF Browser

22. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriting for iSparql iSparql Query Builder e.g.Browsing RDF View: Dereferencing: or UI supports two commands for dereferencing a URI: Explore (i.e. Get all links to & from) SELECT ?property ?hasValue ?isValueOf WHERE { { ?property ?hasValue } UNION { ?isValueOf ?property }} Get Dataset (i.e. Treat URI as a subgraph) SELECT * FROM WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }

23. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriting for iSparql: Issues Get Dataset Option – Issues with URI being dereferenced: Assumes URI is a named graph – It isnt! Its a unique node ID (object ID / entity instance ID) The only graph defined by our RDF View is: Its not directly dereferenceable The cure ? Construct a subgraph using URL rewriting !

24. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Northwind URL Rewriting: The Aim Aim of URL rewriting for the Northwind RDF view: Create a rule for RDF browsers which will map an IRI to a SPARQL query CONSTRUCT ?p ?o FROM WHERE { ?p ?o } and rewrite the request as /sparql?query=CONSTRUCT...

25. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Virtuoso - URL Rewriter Key Elements Rewriting Rule Describes how to parse a nice URL and compose the actual long URL of the resource to be returned Two types: sprintf-based and regex-based Rewriting Rule List Named, ordered list of rewriting rules or rule lists Tried from top to bottom, first matching rule is applied Conductor UI for rewriting rule configuration Configuration API – alternative to Conductor UI, for scripts Functions for creating, dropping, enumerating rules & rule lists

26. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Conductor UI for URL Rewriter

27. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriter API: Enabling Rewriting Enabled through vhost_define( ) function vhost_define( ) defines a virtual host or virtual path opts parameter is a vector of field-value pairs Field url_rewrite controls / enables URL rewriting Field value is the IRI of the rule list to apply e.g. VHOST_DEFINE (lpath=>'/Northwind, ppath=>'/DAV/Northwind/', vhost=>demo.openlinksw.com', lhost=>'192.168.11.2:80', is_dav=>1, vsp_user=>'dba', is_brws=>0, opts=>vector ('url_rewrite', 'oplweb_rule_list1'));

28. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriter API: Summary Functions in DB.DBA schema: URLREWRITE_CREATE_SPRINTF_RULE URLREWRITE_CREATE_REGEX_RULE URLREWRITE_CREATE_RULELIST URLREWRITE_DROP_RULE URLREWRITE_DROP_RULELIST URLREWRITE_ENUMERATE_RULES URLREWRITE_ENUMERATE_RULELISTS

29. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Nice URLs vs Long URLs Rewriter developed with broader objectives than Linked Data – consequently influenced terminology Rewriter takes a nice URL and rewrites it as a long URL Nice URL Free from parameters, typically short Long URL Typically contains query string with named parameters Often ignored by web crawlers (viewed as highly dynamic) => low page ranking

30. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Sprintf Rules vs Regex Rules For nice to long URL conversion Functionally equivalent Only difference is syntax of match pattern definition For long to nice URL conversion Only works for sprintf-based rules Regex-based rules are unidirectional

31. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URLREWRITE_CREATE_REGEX_RULE URLREWRITE_CREATE_REGEX_RULE ( rule_iri, allow_update, nice_match, nice_params, nice_min_params, target_compose, target_params, target_expn := null, accept_pattern := null, do_not_continue := 0, http_redirect_code := null ) ; rule_iri: rules name / identifier nice_match: regex to parse URL into a vector of occurrences nice_params: vector of names of the parsed parameters. Length of vector equals # of (…) specifiers in the regex target_compose: compose regex for the destination URL target_params: vector of names of parameters to pass to the compose expression as $1, $2 etc target_expn: optional SQL text to execute instead of a regex compose accept_pattern: regex expression to match the HTTP Accept header do_not_continue: on a match, try / dont try next rule in rule list http_redirect_code: null, 301, 302 or 303. 30x => HTTP redirect

32. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Rewriting Process If current virtual directory has url_write option set, server traverses any associated rule list recursively. For each rule in rule list: Input for rule is normalised URL from first / after host:port If rules regex matches, result is a vector of values Names & values of parameters in any query string or the request body are decoded Destination URL is composed

33. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Destination URL - Parameter Handling Value of each parameter is taken from (in order of priority): Value of a parameter in the match result Value of a named parameter in the input query string If POST request, value of a named parameter in request body If parameter value cannot be derived from above sources, next rule is applied

34. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriter API – Northwind Example Rewriting rule: DB.DBA.URLREWRITE_CREATE_REGEX_RULE ( 'oplweb_rule1, 1, '([^#]*), vector('path'), 1, '/sparql?query=CONSTRUCT+{+%3Chttp%3A//demo.openlinksw.com%U%23th is%3E+%3Fp+%3Fo+}+FROM+%3Chttp%3A//demo.openlinksw.com/Northw ind/%3E+WHERE+{+%3Chttp%3A//demo.openlinksw.com%U%23this%3E+% %3Fp+%3Fo+}&format=%U, vector('path', 'path', '*accept*'), null, '(text/rdf.n3)|(application/rdf.xml)', 0, 303); In effect (omitting URL encoding): /sparql?query = CONSTRUCT { %U ?p ?o } FROM WHERE { %U ?p ?o } where %U is a placeholder for the original URI

35. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriter API – Northwind Example Arguments in previous rule defined by URLREWRITE_CREATE_REGEX_RULE : nice_match arg: ([^#]*) regex matches input IRI up to fragment delimiter nice_params arg: vector('path') path is name of first match group in nice_match regex accept_pattern arg: (text/rdf.n3)|(application/rdf.xml) regex to match HTTP Accept header target_params arg: vector('path', 'path', '*accept*') names of params whose values will replace %U placeholders in the target URL pattern *accept* passes matched part of Accept header for substitution into &format=%U portion of query string e.g. application/rdf.xml

36. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriter API – Northwind Example Enabling Rewriting: DB.DBA.URLREWRITE_CREATE_RULELIST ( 'oplweb_rule_list1', 1, vector ( 'oplweb_rule1' )); -- ensure a Virtual Directory /oplweb exists VHOST_REMOVE (lpath=>'/Northwind', vhost=>demo.openlinksw.com', lhost=>'192.168.11.2:80'); VHOST_DEFINE (lpath=>'/Northwind', ppath=>'/DAV/Northwind/', vhost=>demo.openlinksw.com', lhost=>'192.168.11.2:80', is_dav=>1, vsp_user=>'dba', is_brws=>0, opts=>vector ('url_rewrite', 'oplweb_rule_list1'));

37. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriter - Verification with curl curl utility provides a useful tool for verifying HTTP server responses and rewriting rules $ curl -I -H "Accept: application/rdf+xml" http://demo.openlinksw.com/Northwind/Customer/ALFKI HTTP/1.1 303 See Other Server: Virtuoso/05.00.3016 (Solaris) x86_64-sun-solaris2.10-64 PHP5 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Date: Tue, 14 Aug 2007 13:30:22 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes Location: /sparql?query=CONSTRUCT+{+%3Chttp%3A//demo.openlinksw.com/Northwind/Customer/ALFKI% 23this%3E+%3Fp+%3Fo+}+FROM+%3Chttp%3A//demo.openlinksw.com/Northwind%3E+WHERE+{+%3C http%3A//demo.openlinksw.com/Northwind/Customer/ALFKI%23this%3E+%3Fp+%3Fo+}&format= application/rdf%2Bxml Content-Length: 0

38. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved URL Rewriter – URIQADefaultHost Macro URIQADefaultHost Macro Makes rewriting rules (& RDF View definitions) more portable Each occurrence is substituted with the value of the DefaultHost parameter in URIQA section of virtuoso.ini configuration file DefaultHost ::= server name. e.g. www.example.com:8890 '/sparql?query=CONSTRUCT+{+%3Chttp%3A//^{URIQADefaultHost}^%U%23t his%3E+%3Fp+%3Fo+}+FROM+%3Chttp%3A//^{URIQADefaultHost}^/Nort hwind/%3E+WHERE+{+%3Chttp%3A//^{URIQADefaultHost}^%U%23this%3 E+%3Fp+%3Fo+}&format=%U'

39. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Content Negotiation Revisited - TCN Virtuoso supports two flavours of content negotiation: HTTP/1.1 style content negotiation (introduced earlier) Server-driven negotiation only Transparent Content Negotiation (TCN) Server-driven or agent-driven negotiation Suitably enabled user agents / browsers can take advantage of TCN Non-TCN capable user agents continue to be handled using HTTP/1.1 content negotiation

40. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Transparent Content Negotiation A protocol defined by RFC2295, layered on top of HTTP/1.1 Addresses deficiencies in HTTP/1.1 content negotiation Limited to server selecting best variant (server-driven negotiation) Server doesnt always know/select best variant User agent might often be better placed to decide what is best for its needs Inefficient Sending details of user agent's capabilities and preferences with every request is inefficient Large number of Accept headers required Very few Web resources have multiple variants

41. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Transparent Content Negotiation Supports variant selection by user agent or by server Transparent - all variants on server are visible to the agent Variant Selection by User Agent: User agent chooses best variant itself from variant list sent by server Requires sending fewer/smaller Accept headers Variant Selection by Server: User agent can instruct server to select best variant on its behalf Server uses remote variant selection algorithm (RFC2296)

42. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved TCN – Basic Mechanics Client Supplies Negotiate* request header Content negotiation directives include: "trans" => user agent supports TCN for the current request "vlist" - user agent wants a variant list for the resource Variant list is expressed as an Alternates header. Implies "trans". "*" - user agent allows servers and proxies to run any remote variant selection algorithm Server Returns a TCN* response header signalling that the resource is transparently negotiated and either a choice or a list response as appropriate *New headers introduced by RFC2295

43. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Example – Preferred format: XML Assumes Virtuoso WebDAV server contains 3 variants of resource named page: /DAV/TCN/page.xml /DAV/TCN/page.html /DAV/TCN/page.txt User agent indicates preference for XML $ curl -i -H "Accept: text/xml,text/html;q=0.7,text/plain;q=0.5,*/*;q=0.3" -H "Negotiate: *" http://demo.openlinksw.com/DAV/TCN/page HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Virtuoso/05.00.3021 (Linux) i686-pc-linux-gnu VDB Connection: Keep-Alive Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2007 15:44:07 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes TCN: choice Vary: negotiate,accept Content-Location: page.xml Content-Type: text/xml ETag: "8b09f4b8e358fcb7fd1f0f8fa918973a" Content-Length: 39 some xml

44. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Example – Preferred format: HTML User agent indicates preference for HTML $ curl -i -H "Accept: text/xml;q=0.3,text/html;q=1.0,text/plain;q=0.5,*/*;q=0.3" -H "Negotiate: *" http://demo.openlinksw.com/DAV/TCN/page HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Virtuoso/05.00.3021 (Linux) i686-pc-linux-gnu VDB Connection: Keep-Alive Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2007 15:43:18 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes TCN: choice Vary: negotiate,accept Content-Location: page.html Content-Type: text/html ETag: "14056a25c066a6e0a6e65889754a0602" Content-Length: 49 some html

45. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved Example – Variant list request User agent asks for a list of variants $ curl -i -H "Accept: text/xml,text/html;q=0.7,text/plain;q=0.5,*/*;q=0.3" -H "Negotiate: vlist" http://localhost:8890/DAV/TCN/page HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices Server: Virtuoso/05.00.3021 (Linux) i686-pc-linux-gnu VDB Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2007 15:44:35 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes TCN: list Vary: negotiate,accept Alternates: {"page.html" 0.900000 {type text/html}}, {"page.txt" 0.500000 {type text/plain}}, {"page.xml" 1.000000 {type text/xml}} Content-Length: 368 300 Multiple Choices Multiple Choices Available variants: HTML variant, type text/html Text document, type text/plain XML variant, type text/xml

46. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved TCN Configuration – Variant Description Variant descriptions held in SQL table HTTP_VARIANT_MAP Added/updated/removed through Virtuoso/PL or Conductor UI create table DB.DBA.HTTP_VARIANT_MAP ( VM_ID integer identity, -- unique ID VM_RULELIST varchar, -- HTTP rule list name VM_URI varchar, -- name of requested resource e.g. 'page' VM_VARIANT_URI varchar, -- name of variant e.g. 'page.xml','page.de.html' etc. VM_QS float, -- Source quality, number in the range 0.001-1.000, with 3 digit precision VM_TYPE varchar, -- Content type of the variant e.g. text/xml VM_LANG varchar, -- Content language e.g. 'en', 'de' etc. VM_ENC varchar, -- Content encoding e.g. 'utf-8', 'ISO-8892 etc. VM_DESCRIPTION long varchar, -- human readable variant description e.g. 'Profile in RDF format' VM_ALGO int default 0, -- reserved for future use primary key (VM_RULELIST, VM_URI, VM_VARIANT_URI) ) create unique index HTTP_VARIANT_MAP_ID on DB.DBA.HTTP_VARIANT_MAP (VM_ID)

47. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved TCN Configuration - via Conductor UI

48. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved TCN Configuration - via Virtuoso/PL Adding or Updating a Resource Variant DB.DBA.HTTP_VARIANT_ADD ( in rulelist_uri varchar, -- HTTP rule list name in uri varchar, -- Requested resource name e.g. 'page' in variant_uri varchar, -- Variant name e.g. 'page.xml', 'page.de.html' etc. in mime varchar, -- Content type of the variant e.g. text/xml in qs float := 1.0, -- Source quality, a floating point number with 3 digit precision in 0.001-1.000 range in description varchar := null, -- a human readable description of the variant e.g. 'Profile in RDF format' in lang varchar := null, -- Content language e.g. 'en', 'bg'. 'de' etc. in enc varchar := null -- Content encoding e.g. 'utf-8', 'ISO-8892' etc. ) Removing a Resource Variant DB.DBA.HTTP_VARIANT_REMOVE ( in rulelist_uri varchar, -- HTTP rule list name in uri varchar, -- Name of requested resource e.g. 'page' in variant_uri varchar := '%' -- Variant name filter )

49. © 2007 OpenLink Software, All rights reserved TCN Configuration - via Virtuoso/PL Adding resource variant descriptions Define variant descriptions & associate them with a rule list DB.DBA.HTTP_VARIANT_ADD ('http_rule_list_1', 'page', 'page.html', 'text/html', 0.900000, 'HTML variant'); DB.DBA.HTTP_VARIANT_ADD ('http_rule_list_1', 'page', 'page.txt', 'text/plain', 0.500000, 'Text document'); DB.DBA.HTTP_VARIANT_ADD ('http_rule_list_1', 'page', 'page.xml', 'text/xml', 1.000000, 'XML variant'); Define a virtual directory & associate the rule list with it DB.DBA.VHOST_DEFINE (lpath=>'/DAV/TCN/', ppath=>'/DAV/TCN/', is_dav=>1, vsp_user=>'dba', opts=>vector ('url_rewrite', 'http_rule_list_1'));