1. B.A. (Mahayana Studies) 000-209 Introduction to Computer Science November 2005 - March 2006 2. Software What is software? What are the main types of software? Are there alternatives to expensive commercial software? Your computer's operating system (OS).

2. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 2 Overview 1. What is Software? 2. Choosing Software 3. Types of Application Software  office, educational, network, financial, entertainment, groupware, utilities 4. What is a Software License? 5. Alternatives to Commercial Software  shareware and freeware continued

3. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 3 6. The Operating System  your computer's manager 7. Types of OSes  desktop and server 8. Multimedia Applications

4. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 4 1. What is Software? Software is the instructions and its data, stored in electronic form, that tell the computer how to do a task. Software is a computer program.

5. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 5 Application software helps the user carry out his tasks  e.g. word processing, games, business System software helps the computer carry out its tasks.  e.g. draw the GUI, print, manage files  the operating system is the main systems software on a computer e.g. Windows XP, Mac OS X, DOS Types of Software

6. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 6 A computer program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to carry out some task. A computer program is written in a computer programming language. Example programming languages:  Visual Basic, C, C++, Java, Pascal What is a Computer Program?

7. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 7 A Pascal Program

8. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 8 Decide on the type of software you want. Make sure the software is written for your computer  e.g. it works on a PC or Macintosh Make sure the software will work with your operating system.  e.g it works on Microsoft XP or Mac OS X Choose between commercial software, shareware, or freeware. 2. Choosing Software software compatibility

9. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 9 To be compatible, software must be:  written for the type of computer you use  written for your computer’s operating system System requirements list operating system and hardware needs for the software to work  they will be listed somewhere in the software package (e.g. on the box) Software Compatibility

10. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 10 3. Types of Application Software There are many types:  office, educational, network, financial, entertainment, groupware, utilities, etc. Application software costs money and usually requires the user to sign/agree to a user license.

11. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 11 Office Software Office software package several applications together. They often include:  Word processing, spreadsheets, databases, slides, drawing e-mail, etc.  e.g. Microsoft Office

12. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 12 Educational Software There is educational and training software for people of all ages.

13. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 13 Connect your computer to your local network/Internet/Web:  e-mail software  Web browsers Network Software

14. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 14 n The Internet is the world’s computer network.  connects millions of computers, in 100+ countries  provides many services, (e-mail, file transfer), but the most popular is the World Wide Web, or Web Started as the ARPANET in 1969  a military network academic research network commercial network. The Internet

15. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 15 The Web The Web presents the user with documents, called Web pages, which can include:  text, images, video, animation, sound A Web page can contain links (URLs) to other pages. A user can follow a link to another page ("surf") by using a Web browser.

16. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 16 Financial Software Personal finance software helps with:  bank accounts, investments, credit card balances Some packages also support online banking:  downloading transactions, transferring funds, paying bills

17. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 17 Entertainment Software Each year, worldwide computer and video game software sales exceed $15 billion.

18. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 18 Groupware Software Groupware allows a group of users on a network to work together on a project. Groupware may provide services for communicating (such as e-mail), group document development, scheduling, and tracking. Documents can include text, images, or other types of data.

19. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 19 Groupware products include:  Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange, Novell GroupWise, Netscape SuiteSpot, Team Talk, NetMeeting

20. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 20 Utility Software Utilities are system software that extends the basic operating system.  e.g. print more easily, change/extend the GUI, fix damaged files, and virus protection

21. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 21 A software license is a legal contract that defines the ways in which you may use the software. Opening the software CD's wrapping means that you agree to the software license  sometimes called a shrink-wrap license 4. What is a Software License?

22. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 22 A single-user license limits the use of the software to only one user at a time. Most commercial software is distributed with a single-user license. A multiple-user license allows more than one person to use a particular software package. A concurrent-use license allows a certain number of copies of the software to be used at the same time. A site license allows the software to be used on all computers at a specific location. Types of Licenses

23. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 23 5. Alternatives to Commercial Software Almost every type of commercial software has shareware/freeware alternatives:  programs that do the same things, but.. cost much less, or nothing do not have complex license agreements

24. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 24 Shareware is software that you can try before you buy it.  use the software for a certain amount of time for free  if you want to continue using it, you must pay a registration fee Freeware is software that costs nothing  it may be freely copied and distributed Shareware and Freeware

25. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 25 Where to get Shareware/Freeware? There are many Web sites that list them.  tucows, http://www.tucows.com/  CNET Download.com, http://www.download.com

26. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 26 Downloadable software is usually stored in a self-extracting file  a single file that holds all of the modules for the software  download sites include instructions for downloading  once on your machine, you usually double-click on the file to extract the software

27. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 27 Other Free Sites The Web (Internet) is a source of free software. Be careful. Strange software can do nasty things to your machine. Make sure you trust the software site.

28. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 28 An operating system (OS) controls/manages all the activities in a computer.  Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and DOS The operating system helps the application software and the hardware talk to each other. 6. The Operating System (OS)

29. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 29 The OS helps the application software and hardware talk to each other. OS Diagram

30. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 30 External services  help users start programs, manage data, and maintain security Internal services  help the computer system function efficiently A system resource is part of a computer system.  e.g. disk drive space, memory, processor time OS Services

31. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 31 Desktop OSes  for single-user micros  e.g. Windows XP, Mac OS X Server OSes  for computers that provide storage and communication for networks and Web sites 7. Types of OSes

32. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 32 Microsoft Windows supports lots of application software and peripherals. Current versions of Windows include Windows XP, 2000, Me, 98 MS Windows

33. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 33 DOS stands for disk operating system.  a command line OS without a GUI  the first Microsoft OS  is now part of Windows What is (was) DOS?

34. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 34 Mac OS X An operating system with a GUI developed by Apple Computers, based on UNIX. Mac OS X is the latest version of the Mac OS operating system for Macintosh computers.

35. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 35 Linux A free Unix-type operating system, originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. A mixed GUI and command line interface.

36. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 36 UNIX A free, multi-user, multitasking operating system that is widely used in workstations and servers. It was developed by AT&T in 1969, and was very important in the development of the Internet. There are now many versions of UNIX, made by different companies, universities, and individuals  e.g Linux, FreeBSD, Knoppix

37. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 37 Three popular server OSes are  Microsoft Windows NT Server  Windows 2000 Server.  Novell NetWare Linux and UNIX are also used as server OSes.  they are free Servers OSes

38. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 38 A multimedia application combines many types of computer-based media:  text, graphics, sound, animation, photos, video This requires more complex (expensive) hardware. 8. Multimedia Applications

39. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 39 Multimedia Hardware

40. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 40 Multimedia requires sound and graphics capability. A sound card lets the computer record and play sounds.  connect speakers, headphone, microphone Multimedia Requirements continued

41. 000-209 Intro to CS. 2/Software 41 A graphics card takes data from the OS and draws it onto the screen. A graphics card usually requires special software, called a device driver. A device driver helps the OS control peripherals, such as a graphics card, sound card, printers, modems, etc.