1. Pestalozzi Froebel Montessori
Natural Education
Pestalozzi
Froebel
Montessori
Created by
Vanessa L. Cortez
Antonio Rivera
Developing the Whole Child

2. Pestalozzi (1746-1827) Swiss educator Return to nature philosophy
Enlightenment rationalism
Rousseau

3. Pestalozzi’s Life Born in Zurich, Italian Family
Barbara Schmid (Babeli)
Helvetic Society
Search for a profession
The Farm

4. Neuhof and Writings 1774, The school for working and learning
Vocational, moral, and intellectual development
Failure in 1779
Leonard and Gertrude: Home and School
Researches into the Course of Nature in the Development of the Human Race
How Gertrude Teaches Her Children

5. Stans, Burgdorf and Iverdon
French Revolution in Switzerland
Orphanage Director: Rehabilitating victims of war
Educational Institute at Burgdorf
ABC of Anschauung: Reduction of education to simplicity
Yverdon, Pestalozzi’s greatest achievement
Failure due to bad management

6. Philosophy of Education
Nature: Physical reality that appears to our senses in an array of independent objects
Objects exist independent of people’s knowledge but can be known through sensation
Two levels of nature
a) objective order of reality
b) operations that direct development
Human development as a tree

7. Art of Instruction Development based on nature and harmony
Human, Intellectual, and Physical development must grow balanced
The amoral, physically weak genius
Natural Education: Psychology of Learning
Phase II: Exercises, experiences and materials

8. Anschauung
Definition: The single unitary operational process that is the source of all human cognition.
Sensation
Perception
Cognition

9. Art of Sense Impression
Object Lesson (Conceptualization)
Pestalozzi believed that thought began with sensation and that teaching should use the senses. Holding that children should study the objects in their natural environment, Pestalozzi developed a so-called "object lesson" that involved exercises in learning form, number, and language. Pupils determined and traced an object's form, counted objects, and named them.

10. System of Natural Education- 2 phases
(1) General Method- creating an emotionally secure learning environment
(2) Special Method- Instruction in subject matter and skills
Educating the Whole Child

11. General Method: Emotional Security
Sought to create an emotionally secure educational environment for the child
Love and security ( family- school connection)
Embrace the techniques, experiences, and activities necessary for moral, intellectual, and physical development
Provide emotional support

12. Special Method
Instruction was to begin with the learner’s direct experience with concrete objects found in the environment
Sensation and experience- begin with familiar objects and tasks before abstract kinds of learning

13. From the Near to the Far
Instruction should begin with the learner’s immediate environment and the objects that were part of the environment.
Eventually lead to “widening circle of mankind” that leads children from the home through the socioeconomic environment into the world. (Continuity of experience)

14. From the Simple to the Complex
Build from simple tasks to more complex
Ex. Language lessons began with speaking sounds, then words, then phrases, finally sentences,

15. Pestalozzi’s Major Contributions to Early Childhood
Pestalozzi's contribution to early childhood education was to stress the education of the whole child, the importance of a loving and emotionally secure environment, and recognizing the dignity of the child in education.

16. Friedrich Froebel ( )
German educator: Influenced by idealism and romanticism
Occupations: Forester, naturalist, chemist, teacher
Visit to Iverdon
1813: The war
Griesheim: Music, play, self-activity
Burgdorf Switzerland
Blankenburg Germany: First Kindergarten

17. Philosophy of Education
The Education Man (1896)
Human nature unfolds the preformed potentialities in a person
The teacher stimulates the process of unfolding
Teachers provide space and time in order for children to develop

18. Conception of the Child
The human race could be viewed as one human being.
Family and all human beings are united through God
The role of school is to help students penetrate the external reality of objects into higher internal spirituality.
Kindergarten: songs, play, stories, games
Types of play: gifts and “occupation”

19. Object Lesson
Children’s ideas grow and gain full consciousness in adulthood.
Symbols: water, sand and clay, group occupations

20. The Kindergarten Movement
1851: Kindergarten prohibited
Movement: England, Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands

21. The American Kindergarten Movement
Introduced by immigrants from Germany
Public schools adapted Kindergarten as the first step on U.S. educational ladder
Elizabeth Peabody: Founded and institute to prepare Kindergarten teachers
St. Louis Missouri: Superintendent William Torrey introduces Kindergarten to public schools
Kindergarten today

22. Maria Montessori
“Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed.”
“The greatest sign of success for a teacher... is to be able to say, "The children are now working as if I did not exist.”
Maria Montessori

23. The goal of Montessori is to provide a stimulating, child-centered environment in which children can explore, touch, and learn without fear, thus engendering a lifelong love of learning as well as providing the child the self-control necessary to fulfill that love.

24. Montessori’s Curriculum
Three major kinds of activities and experiences
(1) Practical Life (setting a table, serving a meal, basic social amenities)
(2) Sensory Training- (sensory, muscular, and coordination)
(3) Formal skills and studies- (reading, writing, and arithmetic) sandpaper letters, colorful rods, etc.-( didactic materials)

25. Implementation
Montessori is a highly hands-on approach to learning. It encourages children to develop their observation skills by doing many types of activities. These activities include use of the five senses, kinetic movement, spatial refinement, small and large motor skill coordination, and concrete knowledge that leads to later abstraction.

26. Montessori Classrooms

27. Video Clip Maria Montessori: Her Life and Legacy

28. American Montessori Revival
American Montessori Society- (AMS)
At least 4,000 Montessori schools in America and 7,000 worldwide
Over 1,100 AMS member schools in America

29. Famous Montessori students
Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon
Sergey Brin and Larry Page, co-founders of Google
Anne Frank
Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia
Katherine Graham, owner-editor of The Washington Post
Sean Combs, famous rapper of Bad Boy Records
Julia Child, first TV chef
Helen Hunt, Academy Award-winning actress
George Clooney, Academy Award-winning actor
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, novelist and Nobel Laureate

30. Prepared Leraning Environments
Independence
Developmental
Sensory
Manipulatives
Environment
Individuality
Intellectual
Physical
Exploration
Choice
Nature
Prepared Leraning Environments