1. Chapter 2, Exploring the Digital Domain

2. The Digital Domain the nature of the digital domain
In this chapter you will learn about...
the nature of the digital domain
distinguishing analog vs. digital media
the advantages of digital media
the universal language of computers: binary encoded data
how information is converted to digital (binary) form

3. What is the Digital Domain?
computers process discrete or digital data
data is information represented by a digital symbol system
all forms of information must be converted to a digital form for processing

4. Analog vs. Digital Information
natural forms of information are analog
analog information is continuous, e.g., wave
waveforms are measured by amplitude and frequency

5. Analog vs. Digital Information
digital information is discrete
analog information may be digitized, i.e, converted to a digital representation
digitized data may be stored and processed by computers

6. Advantages of the Digital Domain
greater precision
ordinality (built-in ordering scale)
efficient storage
fast transfer
resolution independence
unlimited absolute replication
selective and random access
compression
content analysis and synthesis

7. Binary Bits and Bytes
binary numbering system is a base-2 positional numbering system
in binary, each digit is either 0 or 1 and is a product of powers of two
binary digits are called “bits”
bits are organized into groups, e.g., 8 = “byte”
digital data have finite precision (fixed number of bits)

8. Hexadecimal Numbering
BIN
0000 1
0001 2
0010 3
0011 4
0100 5
0101 6
0110 7
0111 8
1000 9
1001 A 10
1010 B 11
1011 C 12
1100 D 13
1101 E 14
1110 F 15
1111

9. Digitizing Data
the process of converting information to a binary form is called digitization
both discrete and analog forms of information may be digitized

10. Digitizing Data
Discrete forms of information (e.g., numbers, text) are encoded by numbering schemes, e.g., binary coded decimal numbers
Analog forms of information are digitized in two steps
sampling (discrete samples representing the continuous)
quantizing (samples are converted to numeric form)

11. Example: Digitizing Images
images are digitized using a two step process
sampling the continuous tone image for pixels
quantizing pixels

12. Example: Digitizing Images
image is sampled by pixel resolution
images are digitized using a two step process
sampling the continuous tone image for pixels
quantizing pixels

13. Example: Digitizing Images
pixels samples are averaged
images are digitized using a two step process
sampling the continuous tone image for pixels
quantizing pixels

14. Example: Digitizing Images
pixels are converted to numeric form
images are digitized using a two step process
sampling the continuous tone image for pixels
quantizing pixels

15. Digitizing Data the sampling rate affects the fidelity of digitization
the quantizing scale (dynamic range) affects the sensitivity of digitization

16. Copyright Laws in the Digital Domain
Trademarks protect words, names, symbols
Patents protect inventors and their discoveries
Trade secrets cover information that companies wish to keep secret.
Copyrights protect “intellectual property”

17. Copyright Laws in the Digital Domain
covers literary works, music, drama, dance, pictorial and graphic works, motion pictures and video, sound recordings, and architecture.
protects the expression of ideas and not ideas
does not apply to limited circumstances under the principle of fair use.