1. Computers Are Your Future Tenth Edition Chapter 6: Inside the System Unit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall1

2. 2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

3. What You Will Learn Understand how computers represent data. Understand the measurements used to describe data transfer rates and data storage capacity. List the components found inside the system unit and explain their use. 3Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

4. What You Will Learn List the components found on the computer’s motherboard and explain their role in the functioning of the computer’s systems. Discuss (in general terms) how a CPU processes data. Explain the factors that determine a microprocessor’s performance. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall4

5. What You Will Learn List the various types of memory found in a computer system and explain the purpose of each. Describe the various physical connectors on the exterior of the system unit and explain their use. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall5

6. Inside the System Unit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall6

7. How Computers Represent Data Computers work with binary numbers, which include only 0s and 1s. The smallest piece of data that a computer can work with is known as a bit. A bit is either “on” or “off,” a 0 or a 1. Eight bits, a byte, signify a single unit of storage. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall7

8. How Computers Represent Data The common measurement of a modem’s data transfer rate is in bits per second, such as gigabits per second (Gbps). The common measurement of data storage is in bytes, such as gigabytes (GB). Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall8

9. How Computers Represent Data Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall9

10. How Computers Represent Data Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall10 Because even small numbers require many digits when converted to binary, computers convert binary numbers into hexadecimal (hex) numbers, which use the numbers 0 through 9, followed by letters A through F.

11. How Computers Represent Data Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall11 Floating-point notation has no fixed number of digits before or after a decimal point. Enables a computer to work speedily with very large or small numbers Requires special processing circuitry

12. How Computers Represent Data Characters (letters, numbers, and symbols) are translated into numbers the computer understands. Character code performs this translation. The three main types of character codes are: American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCIDIC) Unicode Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall12

13. Introducing the System Unit The case that contains the major hardware components of the computer is called the system unit. System units come in a variety of styles and have varying footprints. The footprint is the amount of room that the computer takes up on a desk. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall13

14. Introducing the System Unit System units also come in a variety of form factors. The form factor is the manner in which the internal components of a computer are located within the system unit. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall14

15. Introducing the System Unit Some have (system)embedded biometric authentication devices such as fingerprint readers, retina scanners, and face recognition systems to prevent unauthorized access. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall15

16. Inside the System Unit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall16

17. Inside the System Unit Motherboard CPU Power supply Cooling fan Internal speaker Drive bays Expansion slots Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall17 Main components in the system unit are:

18. Inside the System Unit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall18

19. Inside the System Unit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall19

20. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall20

21. What’s on the Motherboard? The motherboard is the printed circuit board that contains the electrical circuitry for the computer. The majority of parts found on the motherboard are defined as integrated circuits. An integrated circuit (chip) includes millions of transistors and carries electrical current. A transistor is a switch that is able to control the electrical signal flow to the circuit. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall21

22. What’s on the Motherboard? The integrated circuit chip that processes electronic signals is called the central processing unit (CPU). The central processing unit is also known as a microprocessor or processor. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall22

23. What’s on the Motherboard? Each operation performed by the CPU is assigned a specific number called an instruction. An instruction set is the list of CPU instructions for the operations that it performs. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall23

24. What’s on the Motherboard? The two main parts of the CPU are the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The control unit retrieves instructions from memory and interprets and performs those instructions. The control unit manages the machine cycle or processing cycle, the four-part process performed by the CPU. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall24

25. What’s on the Motherboard? The control unit manages four operations: Fetch: Retrieves program instructions Decode: Determines what the program is telling the computer to do Execute: Performs the requested action Store: Stores the results to an internal register Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall25

26. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall26

27. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall27 The arithmetic logic unit of the CPU performs calculations and logical operations of data item comparisons. When data must be temporarily stored in the CPU, it is stored in locations known as registers.

28. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall28 Factors that affect the performance of a CPU include: The number of existing transistors Data bus width and word size Operations per microprocessor cycle Use of parallel processing Type of chip

29. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall29 The group of parallel wires that connect the CPU’s internal components is called the data bus. Data bus width is measured in bits. The maximum number of bits that the CPU can process at one time is called the word size. Word size determines which operating systems and software a CPU can run.

30. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall30 The electronic circuit that produces rapid pulses and coordinates the computer’s internal activities is called the system clock. Clock speed is the measurement of the electrical pulses generated by the system clock and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz). In general, the higher the clock speed, the faster the computer.

31. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall31 The number of operations per tick of the system clock affects the microprocessor performance. Superscalar architecture enables the CPU to perform more than one instruction for each clock cycle. Pipelining enables the CPU to process more than one instruction at a time, which improves CPU performance.

32. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall32

33. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall33

34. What’s on the Motherboard? Parallel processing is a method in which more than one processor performs at the same time, resulting in faster processing. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall34

35. What’s on the Motherboard? Multi-core processing Access time reduced Processing time improved Each core handles incoming streams of data or instructions at the same time Two basic types: Dual core Quad core Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall35

36. What’s on the Motherboard? The set of chips that collectively supply the switching circuitry required by the CPU to move data throughout the computer is identified as the chip set. The CPU and the input/output (I/O) bus are linked through the chip set. The input/output bus provides a means to communicate with input and output devices. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall36

37. What’s on the Motherboard? Random access memory (RAM) Temporarily stores data and instructions to be used by the central processing unit Contents erased when the computer is shut off Permits the CPU to access or store data and instructions quickly through RAM’s memory address feature Considered to be volatile Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall37

38. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall38

39. What’s on the Motherboard? RAM (con’t.) Comes in the form of memory modules or memory cards Memory modules (memory cards)—small circuit boards that hold several RAM chips and fits into special slots on the motherboard Types of RAM: Dual inline memory modules (DIMM)—most common today 168-pin connector 64-bit transfer rate Single inline memory modules (SIMM)—older technology 72-pin connector 32-bit transfer rate Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall39

40. What’s on the Motherboard? The main difference between SIMMs and DIMMs is that DIMMs have separate electrical contacts on each side of the module, while the contacts on SIMMs on both sides are redundant. Another difference is that standard SIMMs have a 32-bit data path, while standard DIMMs have a 64-bit data path Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall40

41. DIMM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall41 DIMM

42. SIMM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall42 SIMM

43. What’s on the Motherboard? Cache memory Extremely fast memory that is part of the CPU Faster and more expensive than random access memory Two types of cache: Primary (level 1/L1) cache, found in the microprocessor chip Secondary (level 2/L2) cache, located on a circuit board Level 3 (L3) cache Found on some newer microprocessors Primarily used in servers and workstations 43

44. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall44

45. What’s on the Motherboard? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall45

46. What’s on the Motherboard? Read-only memory (ROM) Contents not erased when power to the computer is turned off Considered to be nonvolatile Programmable ROM (PROM) Electrically-PROM (EPROM) Electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM) Flash EPROM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall46

47. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall47 The front panel includes: The reset switch, which is used to restart the computer The drive activity light, which advises the user that the hard drive is retrieving data The power-on light, which shows whether the power is on The power switch, which may be used to turn the computer on or off

48. What’s on the Outside of the Box? A connector is where the user can plug a peripheral device into the computer. A port is the interface used to send data into, and retrieve data from, the computer. Example: USB port Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall48

49. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Currently used ports : USB (Universal Serial Bus) port 1394 (FireWire) ports DVI (Digital Visual Interface) port Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall49 Currently used connectors: VGA (Video Graphics Array) connector Phone and network connectors PC card slots Sound card connectors Game cards TV/sound capture board connectors

50. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall50 Connectors on a notebook may vary

51. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall51 Laptop security cable FireWire 400/ 800

52. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall52 DVI cable MagSafe Port

53. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall53

54. What’s on the Outside of the Box? USB 2.0 Uses an external bus Supports data transfer rates of 480 Mbps between the computer and the peripheral device Supports hot swapping—ability to connect and disconnect devices without shutting down the computer Plug-and-play (PnP)—allows computers to automatically detect the device when you plug it in USB hub Device that plugs into existing USB port Contains four or more additional ports Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall54

55. What’s on the Outside of the Box? FireWire (1395 ports) Created by Apple in 1995 IEEE 1394 Higher Performance Serial Bus, also known as Sony i.Link Offers high-speed connections for dozens of peripheral devices (up to 63) Enables hot swapping and PnP Data transfer rates of FireWire FireWire 400—400 Mbps FireWire 800—800 Mbps FireWire S3200—next generation (expected to transfer data at 3.2 Gbps) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall55

56. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Video connectors VGA (video graphics array) 15-pin male connector—works with standard monitor cables Transmits analog video signals Used for legacy technology cathode ray (CRT) monitors DVI (Digital visual Interface) port—lets LCD monitors use digital signals Onboard video—video circuitry built into the motherboard where the video connector is on the back of the system unit case Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall56

57. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Additional connectors Telephone Network PC card slot PC card ExpressCard Sound card Game card TV/sound capture board Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall57

58. What’s on the Outside of the Box? Legacy technology Older technology being phased out: Parallel ports Serial ports SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports PS/2 ports Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall58

59. What You’ve Learned Computers work with binary numbers, which include only 0s and 1s. The smallest piece of data that a computer can work with is known as a bit; eight bits equal a byte. Bytes are used to represent a character. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall59

60. What You’ve Learned Data transfer rates for communication devices (modems) are measured in bits per second. Data storage is measured in bytes. The system unit’s main circuit board is the motherboard. The processor, memory, circuits, and other computer components are connected to it. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall60

61. What You’ve Learned Other elements of the system unit include the power supply, cooling fan, internal speaker, drive bays, and expansion cards. The central processing unit (CPU) is the “brains” of the computer. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall61

62. What You’ve Learned The CPU is made up of the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The control unit manages the four-step machine cycle: fetch, decode, execute, and store. The ALU performs calculations and logical operations. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall62

63. What You’ve Learned Factors that influence the performance of the CPU include the data bus width, clock speed, pipelining, and parallel processing. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall63

64. What You’ve Learned Main memory, RAM, is volatile and temporarily holds programs, data, and instructions. Read-only memory (ROM), which is nonvolatile, contains prerecorded computer start-up instructions. Cache memory is additional CPU memory that operates at very fast speeds. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall64

65. What You’ve Learned Most computers have USB ports, video ports, input and output audio jacks, telephone connectors, and network connectors, and some have a FireWire port. Legacy ports include serial ports, parallel ports, PS/2 ports, and SCSI ports. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall65