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The Leaders of 18th Century Europe  Regent (1715 - 1723) was Duke of Orleans – Louis XV was only 5.  Nobility made a strong comeback  1748 - Louis.

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Presentation on theme: "The Leaders of 18th Century Europe  Regent (1715 - 1723) was Duke of Orleans – Louis XV was only 5.  Nobility made a strong comeback  1748 - Louis."— Presentation transcript:

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2 The Leaders of 18th Century Europe

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4  Regent (1715 - 1723) was Duke of Orleans – Louis XV was only 5.  Nobility made a strong comeback  1748 - Louis XV - implemented 5% Income tax on everyone - no one was exempt. – What problem could that cause?

5  Parlement of Paris protested the tax and challenged royal authority  Government withdrew tax in 1764  passed legislation limiting the King from levying any tax without consent of the Parlement

6  Louis XV appointed Rene de Maupeou to crush his opposition  abolished Parlement  Philosophes disagreed with his policies - led to a stream of attacks on his Royal authority.

7 What other king we studied does this sound like? What happened to him? What is different now in Europe that might impact Louis XIV in a very negative way?

8  Philosophes displeasure with him took away the aura of the King  Died before he could prevail  Louis XVI took the throne - eager to please  Weakened and unreformed Monarchy

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10  Wife of Peter III  He was overthrown and murdered within months of taking over- with the approval of Catherine  Ruled for 34 years  Corresponded with Voltaire and other thinkers.

11  Did very little to reform or modernize Russia  Introduced Western ideas that only pleased herself.  Led to flourishing scholarship, book publishing, journalism, architecture and theater

12  Catherine herself wrote articles and plays  Sponsored the 1st school for girls in Russia  Established an elementary school system

13  Mostly spent time increasing Russian autocracy and military power  Extended Russia’s boundaries southward and westward  Charter of Nobility of 1785 - landlord’s control over peasants and serfs became stronger then ever before  Died November 17, 1796

14 She died while attempting an unusual practice with a horse – Not true – probably started by the French elite soon after she died as a way to mar her reputation. She died on the toilet – and her body was so bloated that she shattered the toilet – this more recent rumor that emerged also as an attempt to humiliate, and mar her reputation.

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16  Perfect example of the benevolent or enlightened despot  Friend of Voltaire  Learned - wrote essays, poetry and music - Voltaire taught him to write elegant French.

17  Implemented a type of Religious Toleration  accepted Catholics and didn’t persecute Jews as much as other rulers of his time.  Militaristic - passion for military victory

18  Founded Elementary Schools for peasants  Founded High Schools for future government officials  Founded Berlin Academy of the Sciences

19  What was so Enlightened about his rule?  What was not so Enlightened about his rule?

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21  Proved her abilities by successfully defending Austria from those who believed it was easy to conquer a woman - Frederick the Great of Prussia  Believed in reform:  Increased taxed on nobility, Roman Catholic Church

22  Confiscated monastic property  Expelled Jesuits  Steps towards abolishing Serfdom.

23 What was Enlightened about her rule? What was not Enlightened about her rule?

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25  A Model Enlightened Despot  Abolished Serfdom  Equality of Taxation  Equal punishment for equal crime (Nobles - Peasants)

26  Legal punishments were less cruel  Equal civil rights extended to Jews  Even appointed Jewish nobles  Wanted independence from Rome  Seized Catholic Monasteries - used property to finance hospitals

27  Few reforms were long lasting  Resistance from Hungarian Nobility  didn’t like abolition of serfdom  didn’t like equal Taxation  didn’t like Roman Catholic Church

28  Died disillusioned  Brother Leopold II reversed most of Joseph’s reforms.

29 What was Enlightened about his rule? What was not very Enlightened about his rule?

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31  Believed political change should come from them; the government.  Encouraged by philosophes to make laws that promoted human happiness  They acted abruptly and wanted quick and immediate results - IMPATIENT

32  They justified their authority on usefulness not divine right  Rational and Reformist - regarded political change as possible and desirable. “The Monarch is not the absolute master, but only the first servant of the state.” - Frederick the Great


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