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Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in hatchery steelhead K Naish, TR Seamons, M Dauer, T Quinn, L Hauser University of Washington School of Aquatic and.

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Presentation on theme: "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in hatchery steelhead K Naish, TR Seamons, M Dauer, T Quinn, L Hauser University of Washington School of Aquatic and."— Presentation transcript:

1 Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in hatchery steelhead K Naish, TR Seamons, M Dauer, T Quinn, L Hauser University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences K Naish, TR Seamons, M Dauer, T Quinn, L Hauser University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences

2 Acknowledgements Faculty Paul Bentzen, Dalhousie U Tom Quinn, UW Lorenz Hauser, UW Kerry Naish, UW Jeff Hard, NMFS Hatchery Crew George Britter, WDFW Rob Allan, WDFW Dave Shores, WDFW Kevin Flowers, WDFW Jenny Allan Merle Hash Larry Sienko Max Burleson Lab and Field Lyndsay Newton Duy Mai Will Atlas Many others... Funding Weyerhaeuser H. Mason Keeler Endowment Hatchery Science Reform Group National Science Foundation (DEB-9903914) Bonneville Power Administration (2003-050-00) Former Students Greg Mackey Jennifer McLean Michael Dauer

3 Negative genetic risks of hatchery supplementation On hatchery fish –Loss of genetic diversity Inbreeding –Domestication On wild fish –Loss of genetic diversity –Introgression Outbreeding depression Loss of population structure Naish et al. 2008 Advances in Marine Biology

4 Spawned and killed at the hatchery To Willapa River (0.1 km) Highway 6 Spawned Released as smolts Return to hatchery

5 WA State hatchery Provides fish for recreational fisheries No tribal or in- stream commercial harvest Also rear –Chinook –Coho

6 Hatchery population is losing genetic diversity Spawned a fraction of the population –Larger Assortatively spawned large fish –Earlier Earlier spawned fish had more surviving offspring Variance in reproductive success is high –Higher in males –Low effective number of breeders McLean et al. 2005. Cons. Biology, McLean et al. 2008. Cons. Genetics

7 Data and approach Pedigree – Inferred from genetic data Inbreeding? Inbreeding depression? –Change in traits correlated with fitness Fork length, body weight, day of return, gonad mass, fecundity, egg size

8 Study design: hatchery fish Molecular based pedigree 6602 hatchery fish over 14 return years 5738 (2952 males and 2546 females) were included in the pedigree (86.9% of all clipped fish) Initiatio n year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1994 1995 1996 Return year F 0 returnF 1 returnF 2 returnF 3 return Freshwater phase Marine phase

9 Identifying inbred individuals in a pedigree F - “the probability that both alleles at a locus are identical by descent” F ranges from 0 to 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B AC D E X “Traditional” pedigree “Inbreeding” pedigree

10 Inbreeding in the hatchery Delta F RY 0.00780.03130.03910.04690.05470.06250.09380.12500.2500 N return % Inbred 200272932.39 200335040.60 200411197432.83 2005162219943.92 2006764296612.22 200735207477.36 200822302171258712.61 200914112810232014.69 Full sibHalf sibHalf second cousins Half first cousins First cousins ^^^^^ Increasingly inbred

11 Complexity in pedigrees A greater range of inbreeding classes can be detected with deeper pedigrees Lowest F F20.125 F30.03125 F40.007813 F50.001953 F60.000488

12 Amount of inbreeding not unexpected given Ne Gen N return Sex N spawn kiki σ2iσ2i N e_sex N e­_var N e_both F0341F1795.359.7339.0102.8101.7 M1613.741.3 F1444F10016.0186.0214.0111.3107.0 M11513.5265.6 F21577F2124.654.8443.193.9100.9 M2325.8155.4 Avg.515.6304.2303.7102.2103.1 Avg. no. offspring by sex Variance in reproductive success by sex ^ N e based on variance in sex ratio and reproductive success v Expected F t in F3 = 0.0149 Actual F t in F3 = 0.0663 SD = 0.042 ^

13 Breeding protocol 1996 - 2003 –5 x 5 (+-) in one bucket –Average of 53 females 58 males 2004 - 2009 –1 x 1 in one bucket –Average of 85 females 85 males

14 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010 Total Spawned (males + females) Fraction of population spawned is low Adults (count) Year

15 Ways to improve Increase fraction of population spawned Decrease variance in family size –2003 unintentionally transferred or killed all but one spawning date Decrease variance in male reproductive success relative to female reproductive success –Water harden before combining More labor and space intensive

16 Inbreeding depression in O.mykiss In culture, close inbreeding (F=0.25) leads to a rapid decline in fitness (Pante et al. 1993) Results repeated in a controlled release in Alaska (Thrower and Hard, 2009) Decreased marine survival rates in inbred smolts released from two captive broodstocks.

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