1. Project Life Cycle
Lecture - 18

2. Project Life Cycle
The Project Life Cycle refers to a logical sequence of activities to accomplish the project’s goals or objectives.
Regardless of scope or complexity, any project goes through a series of stages during its life.
There is first an Initiation or Birth phase, in which the outputs and critical success factors are defined, followed by a Planning phase, characterized by breaking down the project into smaller parts/tasks,
an Execution phase, in which the project plan is executed,
and lastly a Closure or Exit phase, that marks the completion of the project.

3. Project Life cycle phases
Diverse project management tools and methodologies prevail in the different project cycle phases. Let’s take a closer look at what’s important in each one of these stages:
1) Initiation
In this first stage, the scope of the project is defined along with the approach to be taken to deliver the desired outputs. The project manager is appointed and in turn, he selects the team members based on their skills and experience. The most common tools or methodologies used in the initiation stage are Project Charter, Business Plan, Project Framework (or Overview), Business Case Justification, and Milestone s Reviews.

4. Project Life cycle phases
2) Planning
The second phase should include a detailed identification and assignment of each task until the end of the project. It should also include a risk analysis and a definition of a criteria for the successful completion of each deliverable. The governance process is defined, stake holders identified and reporting frequency and channels agreed. The most common tools or methodologies used in the planning stage are Business Plan and Milestones Reviews.

5. Project Life cycle phases
3) Execution and controlling
The most important issue in this phase is to ensure project activities are properly executed and controlled. During the execution phase, the planned solution is implemented to solve the problem specified in the project's requirements. In product and system development, a design resulting in a specific set of product requirements is created. This convergence is measured by prototypes, testing, and reviews. As the execution phase progresses, groups across the organization become more deeply involved in planning for the final testing, production, and support. The most common tools or methodologies used in the execution phase are an update of Risk Analysis and Score Cards, in addition to Business Plan and Milestones Reviews.

6. Project Life cycle phases
4) Closure
In this last stage, the project manager must ensure that the project is brought to its proper completion.
The closure phase is characterized by a written formal project review report containing the following components: a formal acceptance of the final product by the client, Weighted Critical Measurements (matching the initial requirements specified by the client with the final delivered product), rewarding the team, a list of lessons learned, releasing project resources, and a formal project closure notification to higher management. No special tool or methodology is needed during the closure phase.

7. JAD, RAD
Lecture - 19

8. Joint Application Development
User Involvement
Users have a vital stake in an information system, and they should participate fully
Successful systems must be user-oriented and users need to be involved

9. Joint Application Development
JAD Participants and Roles
JAD participants should be insulated from the distraction of day-to-day operations
Objective is to analyze the existing system, obtain user input and expectations, and document user requirements for the new system

10. Joint Application Development
JAD Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Allows key users to participate effectively
When properly used, JAD can result in a more accurate statement of system requirements, a better understanding of common goals, and a stronger commitment to the success of the new system
Disadvantages
More expensive and can be cumbersome if the group is too large relative to the size of the project

11. Rapid Application Development
Rapid application development (RAD) is a team-based technique that speeds up information systems development and produces a functioning information system
RAD uses a group approach, but goes much further
The end product of RAD is the new information system

12. Rapid Application Development
RAD Phases and Activities

13. Rapid Application Development
RAD Objectives
To cut development time and expense by involving the users in every phase of systems development
Successful RAD team must have IT resources, skills, and management support
Helps a development team design a system that requires a highly interactive or complex user interface

14. Rapid Application Development
RAD Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Systems can be developed more quickly with significant cost savings
Disadvantages
RAD stresses the mechanics of the system itself and does not emphasize the company’s strategic business needs
Might allow less time to develop quality, consistency, and design standards

15. RP
Lecture - 20

16. Rapid Prototyping (RP)
A family of fabrication processes developed to make engineering prototypes in minimum lead time based on a CAD model of the item

17. Why is Rapid Prototyping Important?
Product designers want to have a physical model of a new part or product design rather than just a computer model or line drawing
Creating a prototype is an integral step in design
A virtual prototype (a CAD model of the part) may not be sufficient for the designer to visualize the part adequately
Using RP to make the prototype, the designer can see and feel the part and assess its merits and shortcomings

18. RP – Two Basic Categories:
Material removal RP - machining, using a dedicated CNC machine that is available to the design department on short notice
Starting material is often wax
Easy to machine
Can be melted and resolidified
The CNC machines are often small - called desktop machining
Material addition RP - adds layers of material one at a time to build the solid part from bottom to top

19. Starting Materials in Material Addition RP
Liquid monomers that are cured layer by layer into solid polymers
Powders that are aggregated and bonded layer by layer
Solid sheets that are laminated to create the solid part
Additional Methods
In addition to starting material, the various material addition RP technologies use different methods of building and adding layers to create the solid part
There is a correlation between starting material and part building techniques

20. Classification of RP Technologies
There are various ways to classify the RP techniques that have currently been developed
The RP classification used here is based on the form of the starting material:
Liquid-based
Solid-based
Powder-based

21. RP Applications
Applications of rapid prototyping can be classified into three categories:
Design
Engineering analysis and planning
Tooling and manufacturing