1. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 95.4501 Review

2. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Getting Started Shader lights have generally been covered in other courses… We still need some notion of lights with any advanced topic. Let’s develop a simplistic library for subsequent use… and in the process get a quick refresher… Lighting For Dummies

3. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Keep in Mind: Understandability is Key Code full of math is generally produced by novices. You need math but programming is about providing abstractions that make it understandable in terms of the domain. Doom Engine Died From Lack Of Understandability if (normal (side1,side2).alignedWith (toLight) … if (dot (cross(a,b),c) > 0.01…

4. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 95.4501 Math for Dummies

5. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Math for Dummies Properties of projections: c’s shadow = c cos  c’s height = c sin  Properties of cosine: Properties of high powers: 1 cos  1’s shadow  aligned with     aligned against  1 100  0.9 100  0.9 * 0.9 * 0.9 … 0.9  c cos  = a / c b  a traditional c cos  = a c c’s shadow c’s height 

6. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Illustrating “c’s shadow = c cos  ” and “c’s height” A B 1 a1 a2 b1 b2 b a y B x What’s x, y, a1, b1, a b

7. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Math for Dummies Properties of the sign of dot product (a number): U.V = u 1 v 1 + u 2 v 2 + u 3 v 3 U.V = |U| |V| cos  where  cos 0° = 1cos 90° = 0cos 180° = -1 U V  U V  U V   0  = 90  U.V = 0  > 90  U.V < 0 aligned withperpendicularaligned against

8. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Math for Dummies Dot products as projection lengths: U.V = |U| |V| cos  where  U U V U cos  If V is a unit vector, (U.V) V Is the projection of U on V 

9. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 95.4501 Transformation Spaces for Dummies

10. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 The transformation Pipeline The transformation pipeline WC -1 P. Each space is a different coordinate system. p W C -1 P projection space (4D) camera or view space (3D) world space (3D) local or model space (3D) + tangent space We’ll be using a right handed system if we can.

11. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Texture Coordinate Space (Or Tangent Space) In texture, x goes right, y goes up, z goes out, y z x normal tangent bitangent v u at least in a right-handed system w Artist Terminology

12. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 All Spaces are 3D Spaces Front in texture space might look like Side view might look like Texture coordinates ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 nose T = [0.5, 0.5, -0.3] T for tangent (texture) spaced

13. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 In Vertex (Model) Space You might have a box whose center is the origin... Coordinates are in meters. Suppose it’s a 10 meter wide box. Coordinate system origin at the center of the object Twisted a bit so we can see the left side... The texture is upside down, so the tangent space origin is the front top left corner nose M = [-5+0.3, 0, 0] = = [-4.7, 0, 0] M for model space

14. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 In World Space To place the box in the world, you could rotate it 180 degrees around y and translate right 1 meter... Coordinate system origin is 1 meter to the left of the center of the object Twisted a bit so we can see the rightside... nose W = [4.7+1, 0, 0] = [5.7, 0, 0] W for model space

15. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 It makes no sense to perform math on points/vectors from different spaces Spaces T(angent)M(odel)W(orld)C(amera)P(erspective) Units 0/+1uvmeters -1/+1 persp. Forward Converters TBNWorldViewPerspective Backward Converters (inverses) TBN -1 World -1 View -1 Perspective -1 If p = qM, then qM = p  qMM -1 = pM -1  q = pM -1 nose W = [+5.7, 0, 0]nose M = [-4.7, 0, 0]nose T = [0.5, 0.5, -0.3]

16. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 95.4501 Lights for Dummies

17. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Lighting Components Ambient K a background Diffuse K d dull light contribution (with shadow) Specular K s shinyness light contribution

18. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Ambient lighting Usually define via material constant Ka. We’ll use a demo dependent implemention. float4 Ka () {return g_materialAmbientColor;} float4 Ka () {return g_vMaterial * g_vLightAmbient;} or float4 ambientColor () {return Ka ();}

19. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Diffuse Directional Lighting Diffuse directional lighting: K d max (0, n.L) n L aligned with aligned against (no contribution) L n is the pixel (or face) normal. L is a “to light” vector (usually normalized).

20. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Diffuse lighting: K d max (0, n.L) Usually define via material constant Kd. We’ll use a demo dependent implemention. float4 Kd () {return g_materialDiffuseColor ;} float4 Kd () {return g_vMaterial * (1 - g_vLightAmbient); } or float4 diffuseColor ( float3 pixelNormal, float3 normalizedToLight ) { return Kd () * clamp01 (dot (pixelNormal, normalizedToLight)) ; }

21. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Diffuse lighting: If there are shadows float4 diffuseColor ( float3 pixelNormal, float3 normalizedToLight, float shadowIntensity ) { return diffuseColor (pixelNormal, normalizedToLight) * shadowIntensity ; }

22. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 For Spotlights: Need a cone angle  P L P is the “to pixel” point. L is a “from light” vector (usually normalized).  is the angle outward from the light vector…  pixel outside light cone Warning: normally, we use a toLight vector

23. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Is a point in the spotlight? P L  bool inSpotLight (float3 normalizedPixelToLight, float3 normalizedToLightVector, float coneAngleAsCosine) { //Negating each of the above unit directions A and B makes them point away from the light. //Note: -A.-B = A.B = |A||B| cos angle = cos angle. cos 45° = 0.707, cos 0° = 1 return dot (normalizedPixelToLight, normalizedToLightVector ) > coneAngleAsCosine; } A.B = |A||B| cos  = cos  if |A| = |B| = 1 cos 90° = 0, cos 45° = 0.707, cos 0° = 1 In spotlight from 45° to 0° (> 0.707). A.B > 0.707 means the angle is 45° OR LESS 35° cos 35° = 0.8 Inside if P’s cone angle as Cosine > lights Cone angle as Cosine 45° cos 45° = 0.7 55° cos 55° = 0.5 65° cos 65° = 0.4 0° cos 0° = 1 P out P in

24. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Specular lighting: 2 Models for WHEN we see HIGHLIGHT n R Reflected light R aligns with camera direction C L Phong n R L C C L is “to light” C is “to camera” R is reflection of -L H is (L+C)/2 n is pixel normal Halfway vector H aligns with normal n Blinn-Phong H

25. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Specular lighting: The mathematical definition Phong model: Ks max (0,(C.Reflect(-L,n))  ) i.e., reflected -L aligns with C. Blinn-Phong: Ks max (0,Halfway(C,L).n)  ) i.e., average of C and L aligns with n. n R L Phong n R L C C Blinn-Phong H

26. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Specular lighting Usually define via material constant Ks. We’ll use a demo dependent implemention. float4 Ks () {return g_materialSpecularColor ;} float4 Ks () {return float4 (0,0,0,0);} // i.e., no specular or

27. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Specular lighting: Blinn-Phong float4 specularColor (float3 pixelNormal, float3 normalizedToLight, float3 normalizedToCamera) { //Uses Blinn-Phong’s halfway vector… float3 halfway = normalize (normalizedToLight +normalizedToCamera); float intensity = pow (clamp01 (dot (halfway, pixelNormal)), g_SpecularExponent); return Ks () * intensity; }

28. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Combining ALL lighting components Multiply texture color by (ambient + diffuse) Add specular color as an extra… float4 combinedColor (float4 textureColor, float3 normal, float3 toLight, float3 toCamera, float shadowBrightness) { //All vectors must be normalized… return textureColor * (ambientColor () + diffuseColor (normal, toLight, shadowBrightness)) + specularColor (normal, toLight, toCamera); } float4 combinedColor (float4 textureColor, float3 normal, float3 toLight, float3 toCamera) { return combinedColor (textureColor, normal,toLight,toCamera, 1.0) }

29. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 95.4501 Shader Concepts for Dummies

30. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Older shaders Early GPU work on 2x2 pixels in parallel running in lock step. This was to allow gradients to be computed on any variable by taking neighbor differences. This is used internally by tex2D to compute the mipmap level to use. Dynamic branching breaks lock stepping requiring subsequent access to use tex2DLOD or tex2Dgrad instead.

31. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 3 Vertex Shaders + thousands of Pixel Shaders X = A + (B-A)t where t = delta pixels / total pixels; e.g., 57/200. 200 total pixels 57 pixels A1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A4A4 Interpolation formula X1X1 X2X2 X inside 1.Use flat top/bottom rectangle. 2.Interpolate outside edges. 3.Interpolate inside (scanlines) Perspective correct interpolation interpolates A 1 /z 1 to A 2 /z 2 to get A (along with 1/z 1 to 1/z 2 to get Z) AND divides to get value without z.

32. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Interpolating Vectors Changes the length Consider V 1 + (V 2 - V 1 ) * t where t = 0.5. V 1 + (V 2 - V 1 ) * 0.5 = V 1 + 0.5 * V 2 – 0.5 * V 1 = 0.5 * V 1 + 0.5 * V 2 = 0.5 * (V 1 + V 2 ) = average of V 1 and V 2. V 1 = [- 0.968, 0.25, 0.0]V 2 = [+0.968, 0.25, 0.0] Average = [0.0, 0.25, 0.0] 0.968 2 + 0.25 2 = 0.9375 + 0.0625 = 1 unit length NOT unit length

33. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 95.4501 STOP Rest is Unfinished

34. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 95.4501 DirectX11

35. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Credits Some of this information comes from http://www.directxtutorial.com. http://www.directxtutorial.com Some comes from http://rastertek.com which provides a tutorial by building a simplified game engine.http://rastertek.com Additional information comes from “Practical Rendering & Computation with DirectX11, Zink, Pettineo, and Hoxley, CRC Press, 2011.

36. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 The Swap Chain The swap chain is the object representing a chain of buffers, swapping position pointers each time a new frame is rendered. front butterback butter &front butter&back butter Usage: flip the 2 pointers What you currently see What you are drawing for next time

37. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Can Have More Than 2 Buffers front butterback butterthird butter 123 before flipping 123 after flipping once 123 after flipping twice What you currently see What you are drawing for next time http://rastertek.com

38. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Programming Details Several things are needed to start the ball rolling... windowHandle: from windows device (“the graphics card”): who you talk to for creating objects deviceContext: who you talk to for performing some action a swap chain: buffer flipper render target view for a texture resource depth stencil view for a depth stencil buffer

39. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Programming-Wise Somwhere, you’ll need variables such as ID3D11Device *device; ID3D11DeviceContext *deviceContext; IDXGISwapChain *swapchain;

40. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Object creation often require description objects of the appropriate type for submission to the create operation. Objects so created are reference counted and must subsequently be disposed of via a release operation.

41. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Sample from rastertek.com DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDescription; //Initialize the swap chain description. ZeroMemory (&swapChainDescription, sizeof (swapChainDescription)); //Set to a single back buffer. swapChainDescription.BufferCount = 1; //Of back buffers (excludes front buffer) //Set the width and height of the back buffer. swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.Width = screenWidth; swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.Height = screenHeight; //Set regular 32-bit surface for the back buffer. swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM; //Interpretable as float 0.0 to 1.0. //Code to determine screen’s refresh rate (DETAILS NOT SHOWN)... numerator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Numerator; denominator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Denominator; used on next slide

42. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Sample from rastertek.com //Set the refresh rate of the back buffer. If (m_vsync_enabled) { swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = numerator; swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = denominator; } else { swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 0; swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1; } //Set the usage of the back buffer. swapChainDescription.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT; //Set the handle for the window to render to. swapChainDescription.OutputWindow = windowsHandle; //Turn multisampling off. swapChainDescription.SampleDesc.Count = 1; //multisamples per pixel swapChainDescription.SampleDesc.Quality = 0; important

43. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Sample from rastertek.com //Set to full screen or windowed mode. swapChainDescription.Windowed = ! fullscreen; //Set the scan line ordering and scaling to unspecified. swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED; swapChainDescription.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED; //Discard the back buffer contents after presenting. swapChainDescription.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD; //Don't set the advanced flags. swapChainDescription.Flags = 0; //Such as DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_MODE_SWITCH //Set the feature level to DirectX 11. D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0; //Create the swap chain, Direct3D device, and Direct3D device context (ALL at once) HRESULT result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain (NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDescription, &m_swapChain, &m_device, NULL, &m_deviceContext); If (FAILED (result)) {return false;} //Success or failure (caller quits if it fails) which card to use software mode

44. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Summary D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0; HRESULT result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain (NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDescription, &m_swapChain, &m_device, NULL, &m_deviceContext); If (FAILED (result)) {return false;} //Success or failure (caller quits if it fails) SOMEWHERE IN YOUR DESTRUCTOR OR IN A CLOSEDOWN METHOD... m_swapChain >Release (); m_device >Release (); m_deviceContext >Release (); Assuming you have the following directories in VS2010 $(DXSDK_DIR)Include;$(IncludePath) $(DXSDK_DIR)Lib\x86;$(LibraryPath) WHEN DRAWING IS FINISHED, PERFORM A FLIP... m_swapChain >Present (0, 0); immediately next one

45. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Rendering Frames: What You Need One or more drawing areas to draw called render target views: back buffer versus texture render target views). One depth/stencil view. What part of the rectangular area to draw into. multiple render targets MRT A FRAMEBUFFER is a concept used to denote the collection of views (so there are at least 2, 1 drawing target and 1 depth/stencil).

46. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Rendering Frames: Multiple Frame Buffers Drawing into a texture and drawing onto the screen requires 2 frame buffers; i.e., 2+2 views. copied from directxtutorial.com one for

47. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 RenderTargets ID3D11RenderTargetView* backbufferRenderTarget; ID3D11RenderTargetView* textureRenderTarget; A render target view is a FRAMEBUFFER comprised of 1 or more drawing textures (actually views) and a combined depth+stencil texture (actually a view)

48. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Creating BackBuffer RenderTargets ID3D11RenderTargetView* backbufferRenderTarget; ID3D11RenderTargetView* textureRenderTarget; ID3D11Texture2D *backBufferTexture; swapchain->GetBuffer (0 /*First back buffer*/, __uuidof (ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*) &backBufferTexture); device->CreateRenderTargetView (backBufferTexture, NULL, &backbufferRenderTarget); backBufferTexture->Release();

49. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Creating Texture RenderTargets: First Create a Texture //Initialize the render target texture description. D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC textureDescription; ZeroMemory(&textureDescription, sizeof(textureDescription)); //Setup the render target texture description. textureDescription.Width = textureWidth; textureDescription.Height = textureHeight; textureDescription.MipLevels = 1; //0 means all textureDescription.ArraySize = 1; textureDescription.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT; textureDescription.SampleDesc.Count = 1; //No MSAA textureDescription.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT; textureDescription.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET | D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE; textureDescription.CPUAccessFlags = 0; textureDescription.MiscFlags = 0; //Create the render target texture. device->CreateTexture2D (&textureDescription, NULL, &renderTargetTexture); first create a texture ID3D11Texture2D* renderTargetTexture; //Store it somewhere... ignoring error code

50. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Create Texture RenderTargets: Then The RenderTarget or View //Setup the description of the render target view. D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC renderTargetViewDescription; renderTargetViewDescription.Format = textureDescription.Format; renderTargetViewDescription.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D; renderTargetViewDescription.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0; //Use mipmap level 0 //Create the render target view. device->CreateRenderTargetView (renderTargetTexture, &renderTargetViewDescription, &textureRenderTarget)); ID3D11RenderTargetView* backbufferRenderTarget; ID3D11RenderTargetView* textureRenderTarget; ID3D11Texture2D* renderTargetTexture; //Store it somewhere...

51. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Create Texture RenderTargets: Need a Shader Resource View //Setup the description of the shader resource view. D3D11_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC shaderResourceViewDescription; shaderResourceViewDescription.Format = textureDescription.Format; shaderResourceViewDescription.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D; shaderResourceViewDescription.Texture2D.MostDetailedMip = 0; shaderResourceViewDescription.Texture2D.MipLevels = 1; //Create the shader resource view. device->CreateShaderResourceView (renderTargetTexture, &shaderResourceViewDescription, &shaderResourceView); ID3D11Texture2D *renderTargetTexture; //Store it somewhere... ID3D11ShaderResourceView *shaderResourceView; //Store it somewhere...

52. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 RenderTargets ID3D11RenderTargetView* backbufferRenderTarget; ID3D11RenderTargetView* textureRenderTarget; We also need a combined depth+stencil view

53. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Creating a DepthStencilBuffer: First The Testure //Initialize the description of the texture. D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC textureDescription; ZeroMemory (&textureDescription, sizeof (textureDescription)); //Set up the description of the texture. textureDescription.Width = width; //such as screenWidth textureDescription.Height = height; //such as screenHeight textureDescription.MipLevels = 1; textureDescription.ArraySize = 1; textureDescription.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT; //or DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT textureDescription.SampleDesc.Count = 1; //NO MSAA textureDescription.SampleDesc.Quality = 0; textureDescription.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT; textureDescription.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL; textureDescription.CPUAccessFlags = 0; textureDescription.MiscFlags = 0; //Create the texture using the filled out description. device->CreateTexture2D(&textureDescription, NULL, &depthStencilTexture); ID3D11Texture2D *depthStencilTexture; //Store it somewhere... ID3D11DepthStencilView * depthStencilView; //Store it somewhere...

54. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Creating a DepthStencilBuffer: Second the View //Initialize the depth stencil view. D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC viewDescripion; ZeroMemory (&viewDescription, sizeof (viewDescription)); //Set up the depth stencil view description. viewDescription.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT; //or DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT viewDescription.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D; viewDescription.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0; //Create the depth stencil view. device->CreateDepthStencilView (depthStencilTexture, &viewDescription, &depthStencilView ID3D11Texture2D *depthStencilTexture; //Store it somewhere... ID3D11DepthStencilView *depthStencilView; //Store it somewhere...

55. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 SwitchingRenderTargets ID3D11RenderTargetView* backbufferRenderTarget; ID3D11RenderTargetView* textureRenderTarget; A render target view is a FRAMEBUFFER We’ve shown how to create one with at least 2 pieces (a draw view and a depth-stencil view)... Now how do we switch to one deviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets (1, &ANY_RENDER_TARGET, depthStencilView); number of multiple render targets MRT the address of an array of render targets

56. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Viewport // Setup the viewport for rendering. viewport.Width = (float)screenWidth; viewport.Height = (float)screenHeight; viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f; viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f; viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f; viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f; // Create the viewport. m_deviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport); // Setup the projection matrix. fieldOfView = (float)D3DX_PI / 4.0f; screenAspect = (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight; // Create the projection matrix for 3D rendering. D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&m_projectionMatrix, fieldOfView, screenAspect, screenNear, screenDepth); // Initialize the world matrix to the identity matrix. D3DXMatrixIdentity(&m_worldMatrix); // Create an orthographic projection matrix for 2D rendering. D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(&m_orthoMatrix, (float)screenWidth, (float)screenHeight, screenNear, screenDepth);

57. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Creating a Vertex Buffer // global struct VERTEX{FLOAT X, Y, Z; D3DXCOLOR Color;}; // a struct to define a vertex ID3D11Buffer *pVBuffer; // the vertex buffer void InitGraphics() { // create a triangle using the VERTEX struct VERTEX OurVertices[] = { {0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, D3DXCOLOR(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)}, {0.45f, -0.5, 0.0f, D3DXCOLOR(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)}, {-0.45f, -0.5f, 0.0f, D3DXCOLOR(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f)} }; // create the vertex buffer D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd; ZeroMemory(&bd, sizeof(bd)); bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC; // write access access by CPU and GPU bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(VERTEX) * 3; // size is the VERTEX struct * 3 bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER; // use as a vertex buffer bd.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE; // allow CPU to write in buffer dev->CreateBuffer(&bd, NULL, &pVBuffer); // create the buffer // copy the vertices into the buffer D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE ms; devcon->Map(pVBuffer, NULL, D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, NULL, &ms); // map the buffer memcpy(ms.pData, OurVertices, sizeof(OurVertices)); // copy the data devcon->Unmap(pVBuffer, NULL); // unmap the buffer }

58. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Creating Vertex and Index Buffers void ModelClass::InitializeBuffers(ID3D11Device* device) { VertexType* vertices; unsigned long* indices; D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc, indexBufferDesc; D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexData, indexData; int i; noteMessage ("Failed to create a vertex or index buffer for the model..."); // Create the vertex array. vertices = new VertexType[m_vertexCount]; // Create the index array. indices = new unsigned long[m_indexCount]; // Load the vertex array and index array with data. for(i=0; i<m_vertexCount; i++) { vertices[i].position = D3DXVECTOR3(m_model[i].x, m_model[i].y, m_model[i].z); vertices[i].texture = D3DXVECTOR2(m_model[i].tu, m_model[i].tv); vertices[i].normal = D3DXVECTOR3(m_model[i].nx, m_model[i].ny, m_model[i].nz); indices[i] = i; } // Set up the description of the static vertex buffer. vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT; vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(VertexType) * m_vertexCount; vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER; vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0; vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0; vertexBufferDesc.StructureByteStride = 0; // Give the subresource structure a pointer to the vertex data. vertexData.pSysMem = vertices; vertexData.SysMemPitch = 0; vertexData.SysMemSlicePitch = 0; // Now create the vertex buffer. TRY (device->CreateBuffer(&vertexBufferDesc, &vertexData, &m_vertexBuffer)); // Set up the description of the static index buffer. indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT; indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(unsigned long) * m_indexCount; indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER; indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0; indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0; indexBufferDesc.StructureByteStride = 0; // Give the subresource structure a pointer to the index data. indexData.pSysMem = indices; indexData.SysMemPitch = 0; indexData.SysMemSlicePitch = 0; // Create the index buffer. TRY (device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &indexData, &m_indexBuffer)); // Release the arrays now that the vertex and index buffers have been created and loaded. delete [] vertices; delete [] indices; noteMessage (""); }

59. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Compiling Shaders void InitPipeline() { // load and compile the two shaders ID3D10Blob *VS, *PS; D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"shaders.hlsl", 0, 0, "VShader", "vs_5_0", 0, 0, 0, &VS, 0, 0); D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"shaders.hlsl", 0, 0, "PShader", "ps_5_0", 0, 0, 0, &PS, 0, 0); // encapsulate both shaders into shader objects dev->CreateVertexShader(VS->GetBufferPointer(), VS->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &pVS); dev->CreatePixelShader(PS->GetBufferPointer(), PS->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &pPS); // set the shader objects devcon->VSSetShader(pVS, 0, 0); devcon->PSSetShader(pPS, 0, 0); // create the input layout object D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC ied[] = { {"POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0}, {"COLOR", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0}, }; dev->CreateInputLayout(ied, 2, VS->GetBufferPointer(), VS->GetBufferSize(), &pLayout); devcon->IASetInputLayout(pLayout); }

60. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Drawing a Vertex Buffer // this is the function used to render a single frame void RenderFrame(void) { // clear the back buffer to a deep blue devcon->ClearRenderTargetView(backbuffer, D3DXCOLOR(0.0f, 0.2f, 0.4f, 1.0f)); // select which vertex buffer to display UINT stride = sizeof(VERTEX); UINT offset = 0; devcon->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &pVBuffer, &stride, &offset); // select which primtive type we are using devcon- >IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D10_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST); // draw the vertex buffer to the back buffer devcon->Draw(3, 0); // switch the back buffer and the front buffer swapchain->Present(0, 0); }

61. Wilf LaLonde ©2012 Comp 4501 Setting Up Shader Variables bool TextureShaderClass::SetShaderParameters(ID3D11DeviceContext* deviceContext, D3DXMATRIX worldMatrix, D3DXMATRIX viewMatrix, D3DXMATRIX projectionMatrix, ID3D11ShaderResourceView* texture) { HRESULT result; D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mappedResource; ConstantBufferType* dataPtr; unsigned int bufferNumber; // Lock the constant buffer so it can be written to. result = deviceContext->Map(m_constantBuffer, 0, D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mappedResource); if(FAILED(result)) { return false; } // Get a pointer to the data in the constant buffer. dataPtr = (ConstantBufferType*)mappedResource.pData; // Transpose the matrices to prepare them for the shader. D3DXMatrixTranspose(&worldMatrix, &worldMatrix); D3DXMatrixTranspose(&viewMatrix, &viewMatrix); D3DXMatrixTranspose(&projectionMatrix, &projectionMatrix); // Copy the matrices into the constant buffer. dataPtr->world = worldMatrix; dataPtr->view = viewMatrix; dataPtr->projection = projectionMatrix; // Unlock the constant buffer. deviceContext->Unmap(m_constantBuffer, 0); // Set the position of the constant buffer in the vertex shader. bufferNumber = 0; // Now set the constant buffer in the vertex shader with the updated values. deviceContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(bufferNumber, 1, &m_constantBuffer); // Set shader texture resource in the pixel shader. deviceContext->PSSetShaderResources(0, 1, &texture); return true; }