1. 1 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Deploying and Managing Enterprise IPsec VPNs Ken Kaminski Cisco Systems Consulting Systems Engineer – Security/VPN Northeast kkaminsk@cisco.com

2. 222 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Security Enforcement, Firewall, IDS Network Topology Routing (OSPF, EIGRP) design High Availability Performance QoS Path MTU Discovery Network Management............. IPsec - more than just crypto !

3. 333 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec Design Options IPsec Design Issues IPsec Management Agenda

4. 444 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Product Function Matrix Site-to-Site RoleRemote Access Role IOS PIX 3000 Scales for large deployments PDM 2.0 includes VPN management Primary Role Full fledged remote access solution With recent addition of Cisco VPN Client now supported with good feature set Not recommended for large- scale use due to lack of QOS, SLA monitoring, and multiprotocol routing Integrated firewall and VPN device Primary Role Full fledged Site-to-Site

5. 555 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec IPsec Remote Access (EzVPN) IPsec/GRE IPsec Design Issues IPsec Management

6. 666 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Basic IPsec Example Internet 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 IKE Policy (Phase I) crypto isakmp policy 1 authentication pre-shared hash sha encryption 3des crypto isakmp key cisco123isabadkey address 2.2.2.2 crypto isakmp key passwordisiabadkey address 3.3.3.3 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 10.1.3.0/24 3.3.3.3

7. 777 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Basic IPsec Example IPsec Policy (Phase II) crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA esp-3des esp-sha-hmac ! access-list 102 permit ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 103 permit ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 10.1.3.0 0.0.0.255 Internet 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 10.1.3.0/24 3.3.3.3

8. 888 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Basic IPsec Example IPsec Policy (Phase II) crypto map IPSEC 20 ipsec-isakmp set peer 2.2.2.2 match address 102 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA crypto map IPSEC 30 ipsec-isakmp set peer 3.3.3.3 match address 103 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA Internet 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 10.1.3.0/24 3.3.3.3

9. 999 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Basic IPsec Example Apply Crypto Map interface serial 0 crypto map IPSEC ! ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0 Internet 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 10.1.3.0/24 3.3.3.3

10. 10 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Basic IPsec Summary Supported by IOS, Pix, VPN 3000 and several other vendors Either side can initiate tunnel No support for routing protocol, multicast

11. 11 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec IPsec Remote Access (EzVPN) IPsec/GRE IPsec Design Issues IPsec Management

12. 12 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec Remote Access (EzVPN) Internet Head office 1.1.1.1 ? ? Client - Server Architecture Client always initiates IPsec connection Client may have dynamic ip address Very easy to configure ! Very scalable, no routing expertise required ! IOS PIX VPN 3K VPN Client IOS PIX VPN 3002

13. 13 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec Remote Access (EzVPN) Internet Head office 1.1.1.1 ? Client extension mode : Packets from all devices behind EzVPN Client are PATted to one ip address (then tunneled in IPsec). Network extension mode : Packets from all devices behind EzVPN client are tunneled in IPsec (no PAT before IPsec) IOS Pix VPN 3K

14. 14 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 EzVPN Configuration example Internet Head office 1.1.1.1 ? ? Remote Office crypto ipsec client ezvpn hw-client group engineering-1 key secret mode client peer 1.1.1.1 ! interface Ethernet1 description connected to INTERNET ip address....... crypto ipsec client ezvpn hw-client

15. 15 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec IPsec Remote Access (EzVPN) IPsec/GRE IPsec Design Issues IPsec Management

16. 16 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec/GRE : Scalable Site-to-site VPNs Internet Frame Relay Routing Protocol (OSPF, EIGRP...) necessary ! Routing (or multicast) not specified by IPsec Supported in IOS using GRE/IPsec

17. 17 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec/GRE Example Internet ? IKE Policy (Phase I) crypto isakmp policy 1 authentication pre-shared hash sha encryption 3des crypto isakmp key cisco123isabadkey address 2.2.2.2 crypto isakmp key passwordisiabadkey address 3.3.3.3 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 ? ? Same as without GRE

18. 18 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec/GRE Example IPsec Policy (Phase II) crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA esp-3des esp-sha-hmac mode transport access-list 102 permit gre host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 access-list 103 permit gre host 1.1.1.1 host 3.3.3.3 Internet ? 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 ? ? tunnel 2003 tunnel 2002

19. 19 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec/GRE Example crypto map IPSEC 20 ipsec-isakmp set peer 2.2.2.2 match address 102 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA crypto map IPSEC 30 ipsec-isakmp set peer 3.3.3.3 match address 103 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA Internet ? 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 ? ? tunnel 2003 tunnel 2002

20. 20 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec/GRE Example Internet ? int tunnel 2002 ip address 10.99.1.1 255.255.255.0 tunnel source serial 0 tunnel destination 2.2.2.2 crypto map IPSEC int tunnel 2003 ip address 10.99.2.1 255.255.255.0 tunnel source serial 0 tunnel destination 3.3.3.3 crypto map IPSEC 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 ? ? tunnel 2003 10.99.2.0/24 tunnel 2002 10.99.1.0/24

21. 21 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec/GRE Example int serial 0 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.252 crypto map IPSEC ! ip route 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 serial 0 ip route 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 serial 0 ! router ospf 1 network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1 Internet ? 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 ? ? tunnel 2003 10.99.2.0/24 tunnel 2002 10.99.1.0/24

22. 22 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec/GRE Summary IOS only (not Pix, VPN 3000) Enables Routing over IPsec protected Tunnels Enables IPsec protected multicast Enables Multi-Protocol (IPX...) Easy to configure thanks to trivial ACLs Reduces the number of SAs Uses standards : RFC 240x (IPsec), RFC 2784 (GRE) IPinIP (RFC 2003) is an alternative to GRE

23. 23 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec Design Issues Topologies High Availability Split Tunneling Device Placement IPsec Management

24. 24 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Internet Site-to-Site Full Mesh N * (N-1) / 2 tunnels Scaling issues with provisioning and routing protocols (....future Cisco features may help here...)

25. 25 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN) 12.2(13)T Objective : Easy to configure full mesh IPsec VPN Uses multi-point GRE interfaces Uses NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol) Only configure hub connection Spoke learns about spoke peer dynamically

26. 26 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Dynamic Multipoint VPN - DMVPN Spoke Dynamic (or static) public IP addresses 10.100.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.1 10.100.1.1 = Dynamic & Permanent spoke-to-hub IPsec tunnels = Dynamic&Temporary Spoke-to-spoke IPsec tunnels Static public IP address 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.2.1 130.25.13.1 12.2(13)T

27. 27 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 MPLS-VPN/ Frame Relay Dynamically discover tunnel endpoint (peer) IOS since 12.0T Only works with routable (public) ip address Must be enabled in all peer routers Full Mesh :Tunnel Endpoint Discovery (TED)

28. 28 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 TED Example Alice Bob IP: A to B A to B must be protected No SA -> Send Probe X Y IKE A to B (proxy X) IKE Y to X Traffic to B must be protected No SA -> Block &Answer probe Z Clive X(config)# crypto dynamic-map DYN 10 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA match address 100 ! crypto map IPSEC 99 ipsec-isakmp dynamic discover ! access-list 100 permit ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255

29. 29 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec Migration Today 1. IPsec - time 0. - - - no communication possible - 2. IPsec IPsec - all encrypted - Problem : Migration to IPsec in large networks

30. 30 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPSEC Passive Mode 1. passive - 2. passive passive 3. active passive 4. active active time 0. - - - now all router are on passive - - now all router are running normal IPsec - 12.2(13)T # crypto ipsec optional

31. 31 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec Design Issues Topologies High Availability Split Tunneling Device Placement IPsec Management

32. 32 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 High-Availability Design Stateless options today: IPsec and Dead Peer Detection IPsec and HSRP IPsec/GRE : Routing Protocols Head-End Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet 10.1.5.0 VPN

33. 33 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 S1 Dead Peer Detection (IKE keepalives) Supported on IOS, Pix, VPN 3000, Cisco VPN Client hellos are sent between IKE peers that have active tunnels established Will detect dead peers (stale IPsec SAs) On the third hello packet failure, IKE attempts to set up a new tunnel to the next peer in list Head-End R1 HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet S2 P1 VPN Client Hello

34. 34 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 DPD is an optimization to IKE keepalives : "I don't bother to check peer by sending keepalive, if I am receiving data from peer" DPD compatibility : IOS 12.2(8)T and later Pix 6.0 and later VPN 3000 3.0 and later Dead Peer Detection vs IKE keepalives

35. 35 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 High Availability with Dead Peer Detection Head-End Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet X crypto map IPSEC 10 match address 10 set peer 1.1.1.1 set peer 1.1.1.2 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2

36. 36 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 IPsec and HSRP+ Supported on IOS HSRP address used as tunnel endpoint Active device terminates IPsec tunnel In the event of failure, standby device takes over (SAs will be renegotiated) Head-End Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet X

37. 37 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 High Availability with IPsec and HSRP+ Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet X 1.1.1..3 crypto map IPSEC 10 match address 10 set peer 1.1.1.3 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA interface Ethernet1/0 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.248 standby 1 ip 1.1.1.3 standby 1 priority 200 standby 1 preempt standby 1 name VPNHA standby 1 track Ethernet1/1 150 crypto map VPN redundancy VPNHA

38. 38 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Reverse Route Injection (RRI) Because IOS is active-active, and it is not possible for the next-hop- device to know which router “has” the active tunnel, Reverse Route Injection (RRI) is required for state tracking Works with DPD and HSRP+ 12.2(8)T Head-End Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet 10.1.5.0 who should I send traffic to for 10.1.5.0 ?

39. 39 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Reverse Route Injection Example Head-End Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet X crypto isakmp keepalive 10 ! crypto map vpn 20 ipsec-isakmp set peer 2.2.2.2 set transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA match address 102 reverse-route ! 2.2.2.2

40. 40 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 RRI In Action RRI triggers when SA goes down Head-End Remote Internet 10.1.5.0/24 P S (1)SA Established To Primary Sending IKE Keepalives (2) Router P RRI:“I can reach 10.1.5.0” (3) 10.1.5.0/24 via P (8) 10.1.5.0/24 via S (5) Secondary Active (6) New SA Established To Secondary Sending IKE Keepalives (7) Router S RRI:“I can reach 10.1.5.0” = Unscheduled Immediate Memory Initialization Routine (4)

41. 41 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 High Availability with IPsec/GRE Just plain routing ! (OSPF, EIGRP...) Routing copes with some failures other methods can't detect Local and Geographical redundancy possible Except under failure conditions: The IPsec and GRE tunnels are always up since routing protocols are always running Head-End Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet

42. 42 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 High Availability with IPsec/GRE Head-End Remote HE-2 HE-1 Internet Corporate Intranet Remote : ! int tunnel 1...... ip ospf cost 10..... ! int tunnel 2...... ip ospf cost 20...... tunnel 1 tunnel 2 HE-1 ! int tunnel 1...... ip ospf cost 10..... HE-2 ! int tunnel 2...... ip ospf cost 10.....

43. 43 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Local/Geographical Failover/Load- Balancing The Cisco VPN Client supports the notion of backup servers for high availability PIX, 3000, and IOS compatible The 3000 Concentrator also supports local clustering Supports local load sharing (not geographical) DNS resolution based load balancing could also be used as the client resolves the FQDN of the head-end device (geographical)

44. 44 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Key: DPD = Dead Peer Detection; RP = Routing Protocol; RRI = Reverse Route Injection Remote Device Head-end Device IOSPIX3000 IOS PIX Failover 3000 RP DPD (RRI) HSRP+ (RRI) DPD DPD(RRI) DPD DPD(RRI) HSRP+ (RRI) DPD (RRI) HSRP+ (RRI) DPD (RRI) High Availability Summary

45. 45 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec Design Issues Topologies High Availability Split Tunneling Device Placement IPsec Management

46. 46 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Internet Split Tunneling Split-Tunneling Enabled VPN Client www.evilhackers.com No NAT for corporate traffic NAT for Internet traffic VPN HW

47. 47 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Split Tunneling Should it be allowed ? Policy Decision ! If allowed, firewall is needed at remote end Cisco VPN Client - $0 firewall Default stops incoming connections; allows outgoing connections Firewall active even when VPN client is not connected Firewall policies can be pushed from VPN 3000 concentrator

48. 48 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec Design Issues Topologies High Availability Split Tunneling Device Placement IPsec Management

49. 49 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 VPN Device with separate Firewall To WAN Edge To Campus VPN VPN Termination L4–L7 Stateful Inspection and Filtering DoS Mitigation Focused Layer 4–7 Analysis Nothing To See (crypto-wise) Stateless L3 Filtering (IKE, ESP) DMZ

50. 50 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 Agenda IPsec Design Options IPsec Design Issues IPsec Management

51. 51 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 VPN Management Nothing dramatically new - configuration management - performance management - fault management - sw updates Many of the same tools apply : SNMP, TFTP, SSH Management traffic should be encrypted ( IPsec vs SSH)

52. 52 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 VPN Management Applications Device Managers (on the box) PDM—PIX Device Manager VDM—VPN Device Manager for IOS and 3000 VPN/Security Management Solution (VMS) 2.1 IOS, IDS, PIX Multiple Device Centers VPN Solution Center (VPNSC) Primary focus : Service Providers

53. 53 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 VPN/Security Management Solution 2.1 Management Centers (MCs) for VPN Routers Pix Firewall IDS Sensors

54. 54 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 VMS 2.1 / Router MC Web based IOS IPsec/GRE (Hub/Spoke topologies) Workflow approach (create task/approve task) Grouping of devices/apply policy on group

55. 55 © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. SEC-210 VMS 2.1 / VPN Monitor Performance Monitoring of IOS and VPN 3000 Number of tunnels Status/Performance of tunnels Performance threshold violations