1. Genetic Mutations

2. What Are Mutations? Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in body cells and are not passed to offspring
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring

3. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?
Mutations happen regularly and often neutral
Many mutations are naturally repaired by enzymes
Causes of mutations:
Natural
Chemicals
Radiation
Other environmental factors

4. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?
Some mutations are harmful and can cause:
Cancer
Birth defects
Physical impairments
Other life altering conditions
Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival
This is know as evolution

5. Chromosome Mutations and Gene Mutations
Types of Mutations
Chromosome Mutations and Gene Mutations

6. Chromosome Mutations May Involve:
Changing the structure of a chromosome
The loss or gain of part of a chromosome

7. Types of Chromosome Mutations
Five types exist:
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Duplication

8. Due to breakage, a piece of a chromosome is lost
Deletion
Due to breakage, a piece of a chromosome is lost

9. Inversion Chromosome segment breaks off Segment flips around backwards
Segment reattaches

10. Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated
Duplication
Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated

11. Translocation Involves two chromosomes that not homologous
Part of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosomes

12. Nondisjunction
Caused by a failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
As a result, the gamete will have too many or too few chromosomes

13. Gene Mutations

14. What are Gene Mutations?
Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
May only involve a single nucleotide
May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

15. Types of Gene Mutations
Include:
Point Mutations
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
Frameshift

16. Point Mutation What is it? Example: Change of a single nucleotide
Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene
Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution
Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

17. Frameshift Mutation Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides
Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence
Causes proteins to be built incorrectly

18. Food inc
Class Discussion

19. Discussion
See teacher for details

20. Modern Genetics

21. Objectives Describe ways of producing organisms with desired traits
State the goal of the human genome project

22. Selective Breeding
Definition: The process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be the parents of the next generation
This process has been used for hundreds of years
Two Types:
Inbreeding- crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics
Hybridization- crossing two genetically different individuals

23. Cloning
Cloning- a technique used to produce offspring with desired traits (identical to the traits of another organism)
Clone- an organism that has identical gene as the one from which it was produced
WATCH - BrainPop: Dolly the Sheep

24. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering- genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another
Examples ….
Gene therapy- use of genetic engineering to correct genetic disorders.
Concerns…

25. The Human Genome Project
Genome- all of the DNA in one cell of an organism
Goal of the Human Genome Project:
Identify the sequence of every gene in the human genome
Interesting Facts:
The DNA of humans consists of at least 30,000 genes
Each gene has about 3,000 bases (A, T, G, C)
Other Uses:
DNA Fingerprinting
Technology used in the Human Genome Project can be used to identify people and show whether people are related