1. Hosts Implementation with Cisco
IPv6
Hosts Implementation with Cisco

2. Internetworking MS-Windows with IPv6

3. Windows OS Products: Support for IPv6
1998
Support for Windows NT and Windows 2000 available since 1998 for research and experiment
Users can download and install Ipv6 code
In 2000
MS released IPv6 Technology Preview for Windows 2000 and distributed it to the internet community.
2001
Support for Windows XP Professional, XP Home Edition, XP Pro and XP Home Edition SP1
IPv6 Host Implementation

4. IPv6 Support and Windows OSs
Support for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), a new suite of standard protocols for the Network layer of the Internet, is built into the latest versions of Microsoft Windows, which include:
Windows Vista,
Windows Server 2008 (now in beta testing),
Windows Server 2003,
Windows XP with Service Pack 2,
Windows XP with Service Pack 1,
Windows XP Embedded SP1, and
Windows CE .NET.
IPv6 Host Implementation

5. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 and Windows XP & 2003 SRV.
The implementation of IPv6 in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 is a dual stack architecture.
For IPv6 support, install a separate protocol through the Network Connections folder.
This separate IPv6 protocol stack had its own Transport layer that include TCP and UDP and its own Framing layer.
Changes to protocols in either the Transport or Framing layers had to be done to two Windows drivers:
Tcpip.sys for the IPv4 protocol stack
Tcpip6.sys for the IPv6 protocol stack
IPv6 Host Implementation

6. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 Configuration
The main elements of IPv6 configuration:
Assign IPv6 addresses for each interface
Default router (known in IPv4 as the default gateway)
Domain Name System (DNS) settings such as DNS servers and name registration behaviour
Unlike typical IPv4 nodes, typical IPv6 nodes have multiple interfaces (both LAN and tunnel interfaces) and multiple addresses assigned to each interface.
Note: IPv6 does not use Network basic input/output system (NetBIOS). Therefore, an IPv6 configuration does not need NetBIOS settings or the addresses of Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) servers.
IPv6 Host Implementation

7. States of an IPv6 Address
IPv6 hosts typically automatically configure IPv6 addresses by interacting with a router and performing stateless IPv6 address autoconfiguration.
After being verified as unique, autoconfigured addresses are in one or more of the following states:
Valid
An address for which uniqueness has been verified and from which unicast traffic can be sent and received.
Autoconfigured addresses have a valid lifetime assigned by the router.
Preferred
A valid address that can be used for new communications.
Autoconfigured addresses also have a preferred lifetime assigned by the router.
Deprecated
A valid address that cannot be used for new communications.
Existing communication sessions can still use a deprecated address.
Invalid
An address for which a node can no longer send or receive traffic.
An address enters the invalid state after the valid lifetime expires.
IPv6 Host Implementation

8. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 Default Router
Just like an IPv4 host, an IPv6 host is typically configured with the address of one or more routers on its subnet to which all remote traffic is sent.
In IPv6, the default routers are automatically configured through router discovery and the address of a default router is the link-local address of the IPv6 router's interface on the local subnet.
Configuration of a default router also creates a default route in the IPv6 routing table.
For an IPv6 node that performs router discovery over multiple interfaces, such as an IPv6 host using both a LAN connection and Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP), there will be multiple default routers and multiple default routes in the routing table.
IPv6 Host Implementation

9. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 DNS Settings
Windows-based hosts can send DNS queries to DNS servers over either IPv4 or IPv6, depending on the configuration of the host and the DNS and routing infrastructure.
By default, Windows-based hosts send their DNS queries over IPv4 using the IPv4 address of the DNS server as configured by the DHCP.
Computers running XP, Server 2003, Vista, or Server 2008 can send DNS queries over IPv6 using one of the following:
Locally configured unicast addresses of DNS servers
Use the netsh interface ipv6 add dns command to configure hosts with the IPv6 addresses of your DNS server.
(For computers running Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008, you can configure IPv6-addressed DNS servers through the properties of the Internet Protocol version 6 (TCP/IPv6) component in the Connections and Adapters folder.)
IPv6 Host Implementation

10. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 DNS Settings
Well-known unicast addresses of DNS servers (fec0:0:0:ffff::1, fec0:0:0:ffff::2, and fec0:0:0:ffff::3)
Manually configure DNS servers with the well-known unicast addresses and add host routes to routing infrastructure so that the DNS servers are reachable from IPv6 hosts running Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, or Windows Server 2008.
IPv6 Host Implementation

11. IPv6 Host Implementation
Enabling IPv6
IPv6 Host Implementation

12. Ipconfig.exe for Windows XP with SP2
temporary addresses
public address
Global addresses
link-local
IPv6 Host Implementation

13. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 For Windows Vista
IPv6 Address A public IPv6 address. Unlike Windows XP with SP2, Windows Vista by default uses randomly derived interface IDs for public and link-local IPv6 addresses.
Temporary IPv6 Address A global address with a randomly derived interface ID that has a short valid lifetime.
Link-local IPv6 Address A link-local address with its corresponding zone ID (the interface index).
Site-local IPv6 Address A site-local address with its corresponding zone ID (the site ID).
IPv6 Host Implementation

14. Ipconfig.exe for Windows Vista
Ipconfig.exe now displays the IPv6 addresses before the IPv4 addresses and indicates the type of IPv6 address using the following labels:
IPv6 Host Implementation

15. IPv6 Host Implementation
Route.exe Tool
In Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008, Route.exe tool to display the IPv6 route table.
IPv6 Host Implementation

16. Migrating IPv6.exe Commands to Netsh
IPv6 for XP and XP with Service Pack 1 (SP1) includes the Ipv6.exe tool, which is used to configure the IPv6 protocol.
Ipv6.exe commands are being replaced with commands in the netsh interface ipv6 and netsh interface ipv6 isatap contexts.
Because the Ipv6.exe tool will not be included in the Windows Server 2003 family, scripts that contain Ipv6.exe commands should be updated with the appropriate Netsh commands.
IPv6 Host Implementation

17. Migrating IPv6.exe Commands to Netsh
Netsh Equivalent
ipv6 install
netsh interface ipv6 install
ipv6 uninstall
netsh interface ipv6 uninstall
pv6 [-v] if [IfIndex]
netsh interface ipv6 show interface [[interface=]String] [[level=]{normal | verbose}] [[store=]{active | persistent}]
ipv6 ifcr 6over4 V4Src
netsh interface ipv6 add 6over4tunnel [[interface=]String] [localaddress=]IPv4Address [[store=]{active | persistent}]
For complete Table of commands, refer to
IPv6 Host Implementation

18. Manual Configuration for IPv6
In most cases, an IPv6 host running Windows Vista™, Windows® XP, or a member of the Windows Server® 2003 family does not have to be manually configured.
However, there are some cases in which the computer must be manually configured with IPv6 addresses. Additionally, there are times when a computer has a special role on the network.
Manually configure IPv6 for:
Manual IPv6 addresses
An IPv6 router
A 6to4 router
An Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) router
A 6over4 router
IPv6 Host Implementation

19. IPv6 Host Implementation
Manual IPv6 addresses
Windows Vista, Windows XP, and the Windows Server 2003 family supports stateless address autoconfiguration.
Addresses, routes, and other configuration parameters are automatically configured on the basis of the receipt of Router Advertisement messages.
netsh interface ipv6 add address [interface=]InterfaceNameOrIndex [address=]IPv6Address [[type=]unicast|anycast] [[validlifetime=]Minutes|infinite] [[preferredlifetime=]Minutes|infinite] [[store=]active|persistent]
By default, the address type is unicast, the valid and preferred lifetimes are infinite, and the address is persistent.
To obtain the interface name or its index, use the display of the netsh interface ipv6 show interface command.
netsh interface ipv6 add address "Local Area Connection" 2001:db8::1a49:2aa:ff:fe34:ca8f
IPv6 Host Implementation

20. IPv6 Configuration Information with the Netsh.exe Tool
netsh interface ipv6 show address
netsh interface ipv6 show interface
netsh interface ipv6 show route
IPv6 Host Implementation

21. netsh interface ipv6 show address
IPv6 Host Implementation

22. netsh interface ipv6 show interface
It displays the list of IPv6 interfaces, their interface index, interface metric, maximum transmission unit (MTU), state, and name.
netsh interface ipv6 show interface on Windows Vista:
IPv6 Host Implementation

23. netsh interface ipv6 show route
It displays the IPv6 route table and includes information about whether the routes are published (if the computer is acting as an advertising router) and the route type.
netsh interface ipv6 show route on a Windows Vista:
IPv6 Host Implementation

24. IPv6 Host Implementation
Ping6 on Windows
The new ping6 command on Microsoft sends ICMPv6 echo request messages to the specified destination to display the reachability of a destination IPv6 node
IPv6 Host Implementation

25. Internetworking Linux with IPv6

26. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6-ready kernel
Modern Linux distributions already contain IPv6-ready kernels, the IPv6 capability is generally compiled as a module, but it's possible that this module is not loaded automatically on startup.
Check for IPv6 support in the current running kernel
/proc/net/if_inet6
A short automatical test looks like:
# test -f /proc/net/if_inet6 && echo "Running kernel is IPv6 ready"
IPv6 Host Implementation

27. IPv6 Host Implementation
Try to load IPv6 module
# modprobe ipv6
If this is successful, this module should be listed, testable with following auto-magically line:
# lsmod |grep -w 'ipv6' && echo "IPv6 module successfully loaded"
And the check shown above should now run successfully.
IPv6 Host Implementation

28. Compile kernel with IPv6 capabilities
If both above shown results were negative and your kernel has no IP6 support, than you have the following options:
Update your distribution to a current one which supports IPv6 out-of-the-box (recommended for newbies)
Compile a new vanilla kernel (easy, if you know which options you needed)
Recompile kernel sources given by your Linux distribution (sometimes not so easy)
Compile a kernel with USAGI extensions
IPv6 Host Implementation

29. Displaying existing IPv6 addresses
First check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during stateless auto-configuration).
Using "ip"
A host which is auto-configured
# /sbin/ip -6 addr show dev <interface>
# /sbin/ip -6 addr show dev eth0 2: eth0:
<BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_ fast qlen 100
inet6 fe80::210:a4ff:fee3:9566/10 scope link
inet6 2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64 scope global
inet6 fec0:0:0:f101::1/64 scope site
IPv6 Host Implementation

30. Displaying existing IPv6 addresses
Using "ifconfig"
# /sbin/ifconfig <interface>
(output filtered with grep to display only IPv6 addresses). Here you see different IPv6 addresses with different scopes.
# /sbin/ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet6 addr:"
inet6 addr: fe80::210:a4ff:fee3:9566/10 Scope:Link
inet6 addr: 2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64 Scope:Global
inet6 addr: fec0:0:0:f101::1/64 Scope:Site
IPv6 Host Implementation

31. IPv6 Host Implementation
Add an IPv6 address
Command
# /sbin/ip -6 addr add <ipv6address>/<prefixlength> dev <interface>
Example
# /sbin/ip -6 addr add 2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64 dev eth0
# /sbin/ifconfig <interface> inet6 add <ipv6address>/<prefixlength>
# /sbin/ifconfig eth0 inet6 add 2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64
IPv6 Host Implementation

32. Removing an IPv6 address
Command
# /sbin/ip -6 addr del <ipv6address>/<prefixlength> dev <interface>
Example
# /sbin/ip -6 addr del 2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64 dev eth0
# /sbin/ifconfig <interface> inet6 del <ipv6address>/<prefixlength>
# /sbin/ifconfig eth0 inet6 del 2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64
IPv6 Host Implementation

33. IPv6-ready network configuration tools
You wont get very far, if you are running an IPv6-ready kernel, but have no tools to configure IPv6.
There are several packages in existence which can configure IPv6.
net-tools package
iproute package
IPv6 Host Implementation

34. IPv6 Host Implementation
net-tools package
The net-tool package includes some tools like ifconfig and route, which helps to configure IPv6 on an interface.
Look at the output of ifconfig -? or route -?, if something is shown like IPv6 or inet6, then the tool is IPv6-ready.
Auto-magically check:
# /sbin/ifconfig -? 2>& 1|grep -qw 'inet6' && echo "utility 'ifconfig' is IPv6-ready“
Same check can be done for route:
# /sbin/route -? 2>& 1|grep -qw 'inet6' && echo "utility 'route' is IPv6-ready"
IPv6 Host Implementation

35. IPv6 Host Implementation
iproute package
Alexey N. Kuznetsov (current a maintainer of the Linux networking code) created a tool-set which configures networks through the netlink device.
Using this tool-set you have more functionality than net-tools provides, but its not very well documented and isn't for the faint of heart.
# /sbin/ip 2>&1 |grep -qw 'inet6' && echo "utility 'ip' is IPv6-ready"
If the program /sbin/ip isn't found, then I strongly recommend you install the iproute package.
You can get it from your Linux distribution (if contained)
You can download the tar-ball and recompile it: Original FTP source and mirror (missing)
You're able to look for a proper RPM package at RPMfind/iproute (sometimes rebuilding of a SRPMS package is recommended)
IPv6 Host Implementation

36. IPv6-ready test/debug programs
After you have prepared your system for IPv6, you now want to use IPv6 for network communications.
First you should learn how to examine IPv6 packets with a sniffer program.
This is strongly recommended because for debugging/troubleshooting issues this can aide in providing a diagnosis very quickly.
IPv6 ping
IPv6 traceroute6
IPv6 tracepath6
IPv6 tcpdump
IPv6 Host Implementation

37. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 ping
This program is normally included in package iputils.
It is designed for simple transport tests sending ICMPv6 echo-request packets and wait for ICMPv6 echo-reply packets.
Usage
# ping6 <hostwithipv6address>
# ping6 <ipv6address>
# ping6 [-I <device>] <link-local-ipv6address>
Example
# ping6 -c 1 ::1
PING ::1(::1) from ::1 : 56 data bytes
64 bytes from ::1: icmp_seq=0 hops=64 time=292 usec
--- ::1 ping statistics --- 1
packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 0.292/0.292/0.292/0.000 ms
IPv6 Host Implementation

38. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 ping
ping6 needs raw access to socket and therefore root permissions.
So if non-root users cannot use ping6 then there are two possible problems:
ping6 is not in users path (probably, because ping6 is generally stored in /usr/sbin -> add path (not really recommended)
ping6 doesn't execute properly, generally because of missing root permissions -> chmod u+s /usr/sbin/ping6
IPv6 Host Implementation

39. Specifying interface for IPv6 ping
Using link-local addresses for an IPv6 ping, the kernel does not know through which (physically or virtual) device it must send the packet - each device has a link-local address.
A try will result in following error message:
# ping6 fe80::212:34ff:fe12:3456
connect: Invalid argument
Specify the interface additionally like shown here:
# ping6 -I eth0 -c 1 fe80::2e0:18ff:fe90:9205
PING fe80::212:23ff:fe12:3456(fe80::212:23ff:fe12:3456) from
fe80::212:34ff:fe12:3478 eth0: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::212:23ff:fe12:3456: icmp_seq=0 hops=64 time=445 usec
--- fe80::2e0:18ff:fe90:9205 ping statistics --- 1
packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip
min/avg/max/mdev = 0.445/0.445/0.445/0.000 ms
IPv6 Host Implementation

40. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 traceroute6
It's a program similar to IPv4 traceroute.
# traceroute6
traceroute to 6bone.net (3ffe:b00:c18:1::10) from 2001:0db8:0000:f101::2, 30
hops max, 16 byte packets
1 localipv6gateway (2001:0db8:0000:f101::1) ms ms ms
2 swi6T1-T0.ipv6.switch.ch (3ffe:2000:0:400::1) ms ms ms
3 3ffe:2000:0:1::132 (3ffe:2000:0:1::132) ms ms ms
4 3ffe:c00:8023:2b::2 (3ffe:c00:8023:2b::2) ms ms ms
5 3ffe:2e00:e:c::3 (3ffe:2e00:e:c::3) ms ms ms
6 (3ffe:b00:c18:1::10) ms * ms
IPv6 Host Implementation

41. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 tracepath6
It's a program like traceroute6 and traces the path to a given destination discovering the MTU along this path.
# tracepath6
1 ?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1480
1: 3ffe:401::2c0:33ff:fe02: ms
2: 3ffe:b00:c18:: ms
3: 3ffe:b00:c18::5 asymm ms pmtu : 3ffe:3900:5::2 asymm
ms 4: 3ffe:28ff:ffff:4::3 asymm ms
5: 3ffe:1cff:0:ee::2 asymm ms
6: 3ffe:3800::1:1 asymm ms !N
Resume: pmtu 1280
IPv6 Host Implementation

42. IPv6 Host Implementation
IPv6 tcpdump
On Linux, tcpdump is the major tool for packet capturing.
IPv6 support is normally built-in in current releases of version 3.6.
tcpdump uses expressions for filtering packets to minimize the noise:
icmp6: filters native ICMPv6 traffic
ip6: filters native IPv6 traffic (including ICMPv6)
proto ipv6: filters tunneled IPv6-in-IPv4 traffic
not port ssh: to suppress displaying SSH packets for running tcpdump in a remote SSH session
Also some command line options are very useful to catch and print more information in a packet, mostly interesting for digging into ICMPv6 packets:
“-s 512”: increase the snap length during capturing of a packet to 512 bytes
“-vv”: really verbose output
“-n”: don't resolve addresses to names, useful if reverse DNS resolving isn't working proper
IPv6 Host Implementation

43. IPv6 ping to 2001:0db8:100:f101::1 native over a local link
IPv6 Host Implementation

44. IPv6 ping to 2001:0db8:100::1 routed through an IPv6-in-IPv4-tunnel
and are tunnel endpoints (all addresses are examples)
IPv6 Host Implementation

45. Case-Study : Internetworking IPv6 Hosts with Cisco
Lab Exercise
Case-Study : Internetworking IPv6 Hosts with Cisco

46. Q & A