1. IEEE 802.15.4 Overview of Broad Global Industry Support
April 2009
IEEE Overview of Broad Global Industry Support
For GS1 EPCglobal Hardware Action Group Active Tagging (HAT)
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The Boeing Company
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2. 802.15.4 Standard Task Groups April 2009
defines 1 MAC + 3 PHYs
(2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, U.S., Europe, Australia)
a defines 2 alternate PHYs
(2.4 GHz band Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) and UWB)
c defines 1 alternate PHY for China (
(2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, UWB, and China MHz band)
d defines 1 alternate PHY for Japan (
(2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and Japan MHz band)
e will define MAC Enhancements to in support of ISA SP100.11a (
f will define ‘n’ new PHY(s?) for Active RFID Systems (
( UWB, 2.4 GHz, and 433 MHz bands?)
g will define ‘n’ new PHY(s?) for Smart Neighborhood Networks
Energy Industry Smart Grid Applications (
( MHz band?)
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3. Google ‘IEEE 802.15.4’ and receive about 455,000 hits.
April 2009
Google
‘IEEE ’ and receive about 455,000 hits.
‘EPCglobal’ and receive about 598,000 hits.
‘ZigBee’ and receive about 2,440,000 hits.
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4. April 2009
IEEE Asset Tracking
WSNs provide sensor and location information about valuable assets . Example applications include container/vehicle tracking and monitoring, personnel identification, etc.
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5. IEEE 802.15.4 Advanced Metering
April 2009
IEEE Advanced Metering
WSNs are used to automatically collect indications from metering devices (water, gas, electricity, etc.) without need for human participation
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6. IEEE 802.15.4 Building/Home Automation
April 2009
IEEE Building/Home Automation
WSNs in residential homes as well as in large commercial buildings are used to continuously monitor and control such physical conditions as temperature, humidity, light, smoke, etc.
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7. IEEE 802.15 Industrial Automation
April 2009
IEEE Industrial Automation
WSNs improve manufacturing- and process-control via continuous monitoring of industrial machinery and equipment.
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8. Structure of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack
April 2009
IEEE protocol stack
IEEE standard specifies only the lowest part of OSI communication model: PHY layer and MAC sub-layer.
Medium Access Control sub-layer (MAC)
MAC sub-layer is responsible for reliable communication between two devices over direct physical link (without intermediate nodes). The key functions of the MAC layer include:
Data framing and validation of received frames
Device addressing
Channel access management
Device association and disassociation
Sending acknowledgement frames
Physical layer (PHY)
Physical layer provides means for bit stream transmission over the physical medium.
The key responsibilities of PHY are:
Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver
Frequency channel tuning
Carrier sensing
Received signal strength estimation (RSSI & LQI)
Data coding and modulation
Error correction
And others
Structure of IEEE protocol stack
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9. Application and Network Layers using IEEE 802.15.4
April 2009
Application and Network Layers using IEEE
ZigBee
RF4CE (Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics)
Simple MAC (SMAC), ZigBee (Beestack), and Synkro MAC from Freescale
ISA SP100.11a
WirelessHART
MiWi from Micro Semiconductors
JenNet (Jenie)
One-Net
SNAP
PopNet
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10. Application and Network Layers not using IEEE 802.15.4
April 2009
Application and Network Layers not using IEEE
EnOcean Alliance
Z-Wave
DASH7 Alliance
Bluetooth SIG
However, Bluetooth was ‘standardized’ within IEEE as IEEE and 15.1a
INSTEON
ANT stack utilizes chipsets from Nordic Semiconductor
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11. ZigBee Chipset Suppliers
April 2009
ZigBee Chipset Suppliers
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12. ZigBee Chip Comparison - Transceivers
April 2009
ZigBee Chip Comparison - Transceivers
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13. ZigBee Chip Comparison – Integrated MCU +Transceivers
April 2009
ZigBee Chip Comparison – Integrated MCU +Transceivers
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14. Freescale IEEE 802.15.4 Chipset Comparison
April 2009
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15. Freescale 802.15.4/ZigBee™Family Comparison
April 2009
Freescale /ZigBee™Family Comparison
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16. Location Determination and IEEE 802.15.4 (RSSI)
April 2009
Location Determination and IEEE (RSSI)
The Chipcon AS CC2431 System on Chip (SoC) IEEE solution includes a licensed location detection hardware core from Motorola.
The core applies a proprietary algorithm based on maximum likelihood estimation, using information from infrastructure nodes to perform a location estimation. Because the algorithm is executed in a hardware core, the process of location estimation completes in less than 1/10000 second, consumes very little power and keeps the CC2431's integrated microcontroller free to perform other operations. Applications already in large scale field tests are demonstrating results better than 2 meters indoor.
The Awarepoint Real-time Awareness Solution employs a standards-based wireless network to track people and equipment. This network is built on the IEEE standard, designed specifically for wireless Sensor networks.
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17. Location Determination and IEEE 802.15.4a
April 2009
Location Determination and IEEE a
IEEE a Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) in 2.4 GHz band
ISO
IEEE a UWB band
ISO X in work within ISO
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18. ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Chipset Shipments-2008
April 2009
ZigBee and IEEE Chipset Shipments-2008
19 Feb 09
Freescale shipped 7 million units of ZigBee and IEEE chipsets in year 2008 to take number one ranking in this market. With this, Freescale garners a market share of 60% in IEEE based ICs.
Since energy management is a global agenda, Zigbee and other IEEE devices have a bigger role to play in wireless energy meter and other household metering solutions. By year 2011, it can be estimated; the IEEE based chipset market demand might reach greater than 100 million units. Peak consumption of these devices may start in 2010 and continue up to In about 4/5 years of timeframe from 2009, there is a market demand for about 1 billion unit shipments.
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19. Atmel Corporation ‘China’ IEEE 802.15.4c Chipset
April 2009
Atmel Corporation ‘China’ IEEE c Chipset
02/26/2009
Atmel Corporation has announced the first IEEE P c compliant RF transceiver, the AT86RF212, for the Chinese wireless market.
Customers can choose operation for Chinese WPAN band from 779 to 787 MHz, European SRD band from 863 to 870 MHz, and North American ISM band from 902 to 928 MHz.
Direct sequence spread spectrum techniques support different modulation and data rates: BPSK with 20 and 40 kbit/s, compliant to IEEE , O-QPSK with 100 and 250 kbit/s, compliant to IEEE , and O-QPSK with 250 kbit/s, compliant to IEEE P c (Chinese band). There is also an option to select a set of proprietary high speed modes: O-QPSK with 200, 400, 500, and 1000 kbit/s PSDU data rate. All of the above bands and data rates are available in one chip! With receiver sensitivity up to -110 dBm and a programmable transmit output power up to +10 dBm, AT86RF212 offers industry’s best link budget of 120 dB. Sleep currents are down to 0.2 uA, while active power consumptions are 9 mA in receive and 18 mA in transmit mode 5 dBm output power). Security is supported by on-chip AES hardware acceleration.
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20. ZigBee Compliant Platforms
April 2009
ZigBee Compliant Platforms
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21. Designed for ZigBee but not yet ZigBee certified
April 2009
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22. IEEE 802.15.4 and Shipping Containers
April 2009
IEEE and Shipping Containers
January 2009
The US Army is testing an ARINC and impeva Labs product called Asset Assure which leverages a variety of RFID technologies including mesh networking and wireless sensors that can measure a variety of conditions including temperature, humidity, movement, shocks and intrusions (such as door opening on a container).
Wireless sensors communicate using a customized derivative of the IEEE standard in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.
US Navy Space and Warfare Command (SPAWAR) Pacific, Systems Engineering services is developing the requirements for DHS container and cargo security, the ACSD (Advanced Conveyance Security Device).
The system is built on commercial open standards ( ).  It will set the DHS standard for: identifying, tracking, monitoring, and for providing alerts for shipping containers and air cargo.
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23. IEEE 802 Standard documents
April 2009
IEEE 802 Standard documents
Available for download at no cost;
IEEE IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)
IEEE a-2007 IEEE Standard for PART 15.4: Wireless MAC and PHY Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs): Amendment 1: Add Alternate PHY
IEEE IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications
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24. ZigBee Specification documents
April 2009
ZigBee Specification documents
Available at no cost for download from;
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25. ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4 Network Management
April 2009
ZigBee / IEEE Network Management
Arch Rock PhyNet Server manages interconnected collections of IP-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using a common web services architecture and web browser interface.
Digi Connectware Manager uses a standard web browser, administrators can securely make configuration alterations to a device or groups of devices.
GREENoperator is the complete system to manage ZigBee networks.
Airbee-ZNMS™ is a Network Management System product designed for low-rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN).
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26. IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Analyzers
April 2009
IEEE Wireless Analyzers
Peryton-M is a full-featured, multi-channel /ZigBee/6LoWPAN protocol and network analysis tool. It is the only analyzer on the market capable of capturing data from all 16 channels in the 2.4Ghz Simultaneously.
WiSens® is a top-quality tool that allows for capture and analysis of real-time ZigBee™ / IEEE over-the-air data packets.
Daintree's Sensor Network Analyzer (SNA) is well known as an expert tool for analysis of IEEE and ZigBee as well as network protocols such as 6LoWPAN, SimpliciTI (from Texas Instruments) and Synkro (from Freescale Semiconductor), with the ability to easily add more protocols.
WiPAN LVSA 2450 signal analysis solution is designed to capture, measure, and analyze IEEE compliant signals in the 2450 MHz bands.
Frontline's real-time debugging, verification and network display analyzer, MeshDecoder, simplifies understanding / ZigBee networks. MeshDecoder features the network activity display and the simultaneous capture; with decoding, display, filtering, and detection of errors-live and in real-time.
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27. IEEE 802.15.4 Product Development Services
April 2009
IEEE Product Development Services
Mindteck is a leading design service provider for various wireless protocols, including ZigBee & IEEE protocols, RF4CE, 6LowPAN, WirelessHART, ISA a, Bluetooth, and WiFi and is a certified wireless design partner for leading semiconductor firms globally.
USA
Europe
Middle East
Asia
India
LS Research designs reference designs and production-ready IEEE radios, based on the Freescale, TI, and Ember chipsets including ZigBee application solutions and solutions for specific RF requirements such as dynamic channel management, power control, repeater or mesh.
Indesign has established formal 3rd-party developer agreements with major semiconductor providers such as Ember, Freescale, Texas Instruments, and others.
And many others..
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28. IEEE 802.15.4 General April 2009 Types of network devices
There are two basic types of devices that can be present in an network: RFD and FFD
RFD – Reduced Function Device
An RFD (also referred as an end-device) contains limited set of features.
The main characteristics of an RFD are;
It can communicate only to a single FFD in the network and not other RFDs
It requires little memory, processing and power resources for operation
Usually such reduced networking functionality is sufficient for sensor and actuator nodes.
FFD – Full Function Device
A device of FFD type contains the full set of IEEE features and hence FFD is
capable to act as a network coordinator and as an end-device
Can communicate both to FFDs and RFDs
requires extra memory and processing power, consumes more energy compared to RFD
A network device must be FFD if it wants to act as network coordinator or if it requires data packet forwarding capability
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29. Basic IEEE 802.15.4 Radio Characteristics
April 2009
Basic IEEE Radio Characteristics
IEEE has excellent performance in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) environments
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30. 2.4 GHz Frequency Band Channelization
April 2009
2.4 GHz Frequency Band Channelization
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31. April 2009
IEEE MAC Layer
MAC layer defines mechanisms for direct (single hop) communication between two devices. Such single hop data exchange is possible only within transmission range of participating pair of nodes. Key MAC layer responsibilities are described below.
• Data framing Communication on MAC layer is packet based. It means that data to be sent is encapsulated into a MAC frame that is passed to RF transceiver. A node shall accept only frames destined for it and upon their reception frames are checked on errors that could have occurred during transmission and corrected if possible.
• Device addressing Each device is identified by unique 64 bits long MAC layer address that is used by sender as destination for the packets sent on the MAC layer.
• Channel access management: CSMA-CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is well known “listen-before-send” principle for managing access to single physical channel among multiple devices. It ensures reliable communication and provides efficient usage of limited channel bandwidth.
• Device Association/Disassociation Upon higher layer requests MAC layer performs device association and disassociation (enters/leaves network).
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32. IEEE 802.15.4 Network Topologies
April 2009
IEEE Network Topologies
Data transmission in an network can be organized in two ways:
star and peer-to-peer.
Star
In star model devices are interconnected in form of a star:
There is a central node (coordinator).
All the network nodes (FFDs and RFDs) communicate only to the coordinator.
Data forwarding is possible only through coordinator (two-hop only)
Coverage area is limited by one-hop transmission range
Peer-to-peer
In peer-to-peer model an FFD can communicate to all other devices within its range.
RFD can talk only to an FFD it is currently associated with.
Peer-to-peer model is characterized by following properties:
Data frames can be delivered via several intermediate nodes (multi-hop transmission)
Large spatial areas can be covered by a single network
Packet routing algorithms are required
Star data transfer model
Peer-to-peer data transfer model
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33. ZigBee Network Topologies - Includes a Cluster Tree Topology
April 2009
ZigBee Network Topologies
- Includes a Cluster Tree Topology
Mesh
Star
ZigBee Coordinator
Cluster Tree
ZigBee Router
ZigBee End Device
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34. ZigBee Mesh Networking
April 2009
ZigBee Mesh Networking
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Management
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35. ZigBee Mesh Networking
April 2009
ZigBee Mesh Networking
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Management
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36. ZigBee Mesh Networking
April 2009
ZigBee Mesh Networking
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Management
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37. ZigBee Mesh Networking
April 2009
ZigBee Mesh Networking
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Management
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38. ZigBee Mesh Networking
April 2009
ZigBee Mesh Networking
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Management
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39. ZigBee Stack Architecture{
April 2009
ZigBee Stack Architecture
Application
Initiate and join network
Manage network
Determine device relationships
Send and receive messages
Application
ZDO
SSP
App Support (APS)
Device management
Device discovery
Service discovery
Security functions
NWK
Network organization
Route discovery
Message relaying
Device binding
Messaging
Physical Radio (PHY)
Medium Access (MAC)
Mike McInnis - The Boeing Company

40. ZigBee Application Profiles
April 2009
ZigBee Application Profiles
Application
ZDO
SSP
App Support (APS)
NWK
Clusters
Clusters
Physical Radio (PHY)
Medium Access (MAC)
0: off
1: on
2: scene 1
3: scene 2
0: fan off
1: fan on
2: temp set
3: time set
Application profiles define what messages are sent over the air for a given application
Devices with the same application profiles interoperate end to end
ZigBee publishes a set of public profiles, but vendors may create manufacturer specific ones as well
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41. ZigBee Multi-Profile Devices
April 2009
ZigBee Multi-Profile Devices
Endpoint 2:
Home Automation - thermostat
Vendor devices may implement multiple profiles
Additional application profiles live on different endpoints within the device
Allows creation of vendor specific extensions
Endpoint 6:
Vendor proprietary extensions
APP …
ZDO
SSP
APS
NWK
MEDIUM ACCESS (MAC)
PHYSICAL RADIO (PHY)
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42. IP-Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
April 2009
IP-Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
IP for Smart Objects Alliance (IPSO)
The IPSO Alliance was formed to promote the Internet Protocol as the network technology of choice for connecting Smart Objects around the world.
IP opens the door to linking sensor and other simple networks directly to the Internet, eliminating the need for translation gateways.
You can put IP in a sub-$2 device requiring as little as 4 Kbytes RAM and 32 Kbytes flash.
IP-based technologies for wireless sensor networking have been gaining attention over the past year, most notably 6LoWPAN," the Internet Engineering Task Force standard for running IPv6 over IEEE nets
Most businesses deploy TCP/IP today and they see 6LowPAN as an easy extension to this architecture.
The IPSO alliance hopes to have an interoperability program in place in November. It initially aims to test interoperability of the ten or more 6LoWPAN software stacks that have been released to date.
Archrock IP products
Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (roll) group Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
IPv6 routing with high reliability while permitting low-power operation over IEEE and others.
IPv6 over Low power WPAN (6Lowpan) group Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The “Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE networks" standard (RFC4944) defines the format for the adaptation netween IPv6 and IEEE
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43. April 2009
Auto-ID Labs presentation at GS1 Joint GSMP – Meeting 2009 Tuesday March 24 3:00-5:30pm
“Our approach is to store sensor profile in servers on the Internet, and allow networked clients
to search or download relevant profile using an EPC of target sensor node. To identify
sensor nodes we assign EPCs to sensor nodes. To find authorized sensor profile servers,
called sensor profile server, we adopt resolution service by extending ONS that changes an
EPC to authorized locations of EPCIS. Readers or other roles in EPCglobal Network who do
not have prior capability information but want to access sensor networks and physical data
collected from them may use sensor profile services.”
Presentor: Daeyoung Kim
Note
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44. April 2009
The End
Questions ?
Mike McInnis - The Boeing Company