1. Ecological Tax Reform Theory and Reality

2. Education Labeling Liability Regimes Regulation Voluntary Agreements Permit Trading Taxation

3. environmental taxation

4. Tax base x Tax rateTax revenue =

5. Tax base x Tax rateTax revenue = ↓ a case study in theory

6. Tax base x Tax rateTax revenue = ↓ a case study in tax policy

7. Tax base x Tax rateTax revenue = ↓ a case study in politics

8. Theories Pigouvian theory

9. Pigouvian Theory tax base x tax rate = tax revenue ↓ external cost

10. Theories Pigouvian theory Polluter pays principle

11. Polluter Pays Principle tax base x tax rate = tax revenue ↓ for what?

12. Polluter Pays Principle tax base x tax rate = tax revenue ↓ external costs restoration costs cost required to abate pollution

13. Theories Pigouvian theory Polluter pays principle Least cost abatement

14. Least Cost Abatement tax base x tax rate = tax revenue ↓ cost required to abate pollution

15. Theories Pigouvian theory Polluter pays principle Least cost abatement Double dividend

17. Double Dividend tax base x tax rate = tax revenue ↓ tax rate under another theory that provides sufficient revenue for tax reduction

18. The Choice tax base x tax rate = tax revenue ↓ external costs restoration costs cost required to abate pollution cost required for tax reduction

19. Tax base x Tax rateTax revenue = ↓ a case study in tax policy

20. Tax policies affecting the tax base Environmental effectiveness Administrative feasibility Economic effect

22. Tax policies affecting the tax base Environmental effectiveness Administrative feasibility Economic effect

23. Tax policies affecting the tax base Environmental effectiveness Administrative feasibility Economic effect Equity

24. Tax policies affecting the tax base Environmental effectiveness Administrative feasibility Economic effect Equity Still environmentally effective?

25. Tax base x Tax rateTax revenue = ↓ a case study in politics

26. tax base x tax rate = tax revenue ↓ - $$$ + $$$

27. Proposed energy incentives Wind and biomass -- $1 billion Solar -- $71 million Alternative fuel vehicles -- $2.4 billion Politically easy; fiscally difficult

28. Environmental tax increase Dedicated revenues = How to spend the money? Deficit reduction Other tax relief

29. Where is the political will?

30. Effective fabric or the emperor’s new clothes?

31. The evidence to date

32. Tolerance Principles Iterative approach Best available alternative Cost allocation ethic Educational function

33. Effective fabric or the emperor’s new clothes?

34. Ecological Tax Reform Theory and Reality

35. Education Labeling Liability Regimes Regulation Voluntary Agreements Permit Trading Taxation

36. U.S. Taxes in 2000 $2 trillion federal tax revenues $540 billion state tax revenues $332 billion local tax revenues Total -- $2.9 trillion

37. Taxation -- and Environment TaxationEnvironment Environmental Taxes