2. 1776 Declaration of Independence

3. 1787 U.S. Constitution James Madison Father of Our Constitution

4. Articles of Confederation America first written constitution giving most governing powers to the states.

5. Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments to the Constitution listing rights guaranteeing life, liberty and property.

6. Checks and Balances Each branch of the government has a control on the power of the other branches. Example: the President can veto a law passed by Congress.

7. Federalism Division of powers between the states and the national government.

8. Popular Sovereignty This means that the people have the power to make decisions about government, for example— referendums or passing state laws.

9. Republicanism Another name for representative government.

10. Separation of Powers The idea that each part of the national government is given a specific power—the Congress has the power to make laws, the president enforces laws and the Supreme Court interprets laws.

11. States Rights Powers given(reserved) to the states to control excessive power of the national government and the idea that states can act independently from it.

12. Unalienable Rights Basic human freedoms no government can take away, such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

13. Civil War (1861—1865) War between the states when the Union (north) defeats the Confederacy (south.)

14. 13 th Amendment Freed the slaves

15. 14 th Amendment Made the former slaves citizens with the right to due process and equal protection of the laws.

16. 15 th Amendment Gave freedmen the right to vote.

17. GILDED AGE Period of the 1890’s when things were not as good as they seemed

18. PROGRESSIVE ERA Period in the early 1900’s during which Americans tried to reform government, regulate industry and improve the workplace

19. 16 th Amendment Income tax is legal

20. 17 th Amendment Allowed for the direct election of senators by the people

21. 19 th Amendment Gave women the right to vote

22. Sherman Anti-Trust Act First law passed to control monopolies that were in “restrain of trade”

23. US Expansion Time period when US practices “manifest destiny” John Gast’s “American Progress” (1872)

24. International Trade US used this to increase markets for US goods - it led to imperialism A modern example of the lengths to which US leaders will go to help US companies

25. US Becomes a World Power Time period when US obtains colonies, territories, and bases overseas

26. Spanish-American War: 1898 A "splendid little war" that made US a world power Tableau representing the North and South reconciling to free Cuba from Spain

27. World War I: 1914-1918 US and the allied countries defeat Germany and Austria- Hungary in the trenches on the western front Europe before WWI, 1914

28. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Main reason for US entry into WWI against Germany

29. Treaty of Versailles US refused to sign this formal agreement ending World War I

30. Panama Canal Theodore Roosevelt wanted this to increase trade and enhance US Naval defenses

31. 1 ST flight across the Atlantic symbolizing American ingenuity, courage, and ability.

32. Defense lawyer for John Scopes’ right to teach evolution in the great “monkey trial.”

33. 18 th amendment made alcohol illegal and led to the rise of organized crime.

34. October 29, 1929 when stock prices fell drastically in one day marking the start of the Great Depression

35. Fear of communism in the 1920’s led to limits on immigration almost closing our borders.

36. Homefront Refers to all of the work inside a country at war to produce materials needed, such as weapons, food, airplanes, ships, etc…

37. Japanese Internment Xenophobic anti-Japanese policy that forced many Japanese-Americans from their homes and into prison camps during WWII.

38. Midway Turning point navalk battle in WWII ending Japanese threat to Hawaii and the US mainland

39. Normandy Invasion / D-Day The battle that opened a “second front” in France and was the beginning of the end for Hitler and Germany

40. World War II Global Conflict between the Axis powers and the Allies

41. Pearl Harbor Attack by the Japanese on Hawaii forced US to enter WWII

42. Rationing System used to conserve food and scarce materials in WWII

43. Women in WWII Filled jobs on the homefront formerly done by men to produce the materials needed to win the war.

44. WWII Ends

45. CESAR CHAVEZ Organized the United Farm Workers to improve working conditions for migrant workers.

46. MALCOLM X African-American leader who promoted Black Nationalism and self-sufficiency. Assassinated in 1965.

47. REVEREND, DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. Civil Rights leader in Southern Christian Leadership Conference, March on Washington, Bus Boycott, Selma March, and Birmingham protests.

48. ROSA PARKS Leader in Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her seat to protest segregation.

49. BROWN v BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, KANSAS Court case that reversed Plessy vs Ferguson by ending the “separate but equal” doctrine and integrating public schools.

50. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 Law that prohibited discrimination by race in public places and set legal consequences for it.

51. LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL President Eisenhower enforced integration of this school giving momentum to the Civil Rights Movement.

52. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1960’s struggle for equality for African- Americans and other minorities under the 14 th and 15 th amendments.