1. LIPIDS
Daniel Bučánek
Jan Gembík

2. Lipids
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Nonglycerol lipids
Complex lipids

3. Types of lipids Fatty acids Saturated Unsaturated Glycerides Neutra
Phospoglycerides
Nonglycerides
Sphingolipids
Steroid
Waxes
Complex lipids
Lipoproteins
Glykolipids

4. Lipid functions Cell membrane structure Creates a barrier for the cell
Controls flow of materials
Energy storage
Fats stored in adipose tissue
Hormones and vitamins
Hormones – communication between cells
Vitamins – assist in the regulation of biological processes

5. Fatty acids structure CH3(CH2)nCOOH Long chain monocarboxylic acids
Size range: C12 – C14
Always an even number of carbon
Saturated – no double bonds
Unsaturated – one or more double bonds

6. Fatty acids structure
Saturated
Unsaturated
cis
trans

7. Some common fatty acids
Common name
IUPAC name
MP °C
Formula
Presence of double bonds reduced melting point. In nature, all double bonds are ´cis´.

8. Steric acid
Oleic acid

9. Reactions of fatty acids
React like any other carboxylic acid.

10. Unsaturated fatty acids eicosanoids
All are unsaturated.
All have twenty carbons.
Some are essential fatty acids
Can´t be produced by the body.
examples: linoleic and linoleic acids
Three groups: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

11. Prostaglandins Originaly isolated from seminal fluid.
All are derived from arachidonic acid.

12. Prostaglandins

13. Prostaglandins Biological effect Stimulation of smooth muscles
Regulation of steroid production
Inhibition of gastric secretion
Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipases
Inhibition / stimulation of plate aggregation
Regulation of nerve transmission
Sensitization of pain
Mediation of inflamantory response

14. Blood clotting Thromboxane A2 Produced by platelets in blood.
Stimulates constrictions of blood vessel.
Aggregation of platelets.
Prostacyclin
Produced by cells that line blood vessels.
Reverses effects of throbmoxane A2
Aspirin therapy
Acts as anticoagulent – antiplatelet aggregation.

15. Inflammantory response
Protective mechanism when tissue is damaged.
Ressults in swelling, redness, fever and pain.
Prostaglandins promote this response.
Drug like aspirin and ibuprofen
Anti - inflammatories
Block prostaglandins synthesis
Cause reduction in this response

16. Neutral glycerides Ester of glycerol and fatty acid.
Principal function is energy storage – fat or oil.

17. Fats and oils Both are triglycerides Fats
typically obtained from animals
solids at room temperature
made from saturated fatty acids
Oils
typically obtained from plants
liquids at room temperature
made from unsaturated fatty acids

18. Waxes Water insoluble and hard to hydrolyze
Often used to provide a protective coating
(leaves, skin, fur, hair….)
Bees wax and Sebum are examples
Ester of a fatty acid and a long chain alcohol

19. Phospoglycerides Lipids that contain a phosphate group.
Modified fat where a phospate replaces one of the fatty acid chain.
Uses
production of cell membrenes
emulsifying agents
Lecithin-phosphatidylcholin
Polar head
Nonpolar tail

20. Nonglycerol lipids Sphingolipids
A type of phospolipid not derived from fat.
Used primarily in nerve tissue – myelin sheath.
In people, 25% of all lipids are sphingolipids.

21. Steroids
Broad class of compounds that all have the same base structure.
Cholesterol
Principal membrane lipid for fluidity.

22. Complex lipids Lipids bound to other molecules
Combination results in the structure

23. Complex lipids Four major classes of plasma lipoproteins Chilomikrons
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Each is composed of several types of lipids

24. Composition of complex lipoproteins

25. Composition of complex lipoproteins

26. Function of lipoproteins
Chilomikrons
Transport triglicerides from intestines to other tissue – except kdneys
VLDL
Bind triglycerides in liver and carry them to fat tissue
LDL
Carry choresterol to peripheral tissue
HLD
Bound to plasma choresterol
Transport cholesterol to liver

27. Transport of lipoproteins

28. Source Some information from internet.
Some information from lecture of Biochemistry.
And some information from 12.Lesson with name Biochemistry.