1. Communicating by Light Dr Martin Ams MQ Photonics Research Centre Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS) Department of Physics & Astronomy - Faculty of Science MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY North Ryde, NSW 2109 AUSTRALIA Phone: +61 2 9850 8975 Fax: +61 2 9850 8115 Url: http://web.science.mq.edu.au/~mamshttp://web.science.mq.edu.au/~mams

2. communication Communication is the process of exchanging information, messages or ideas

3. telegraphy 18th Century – discovery and understanding of electricity led to telecommunications Telegraphy in copper wires –Morse code, telephone 1887 - Electromagnetic (EM) Wave Theory –Radio, TV, wireless, satellite, microwave systems

4. can we use light? Early 20 th Century - suggested that light should be able to transmit data because it is also an EM wave No light source and no medium to transport it 1960s: LASER 1970s: Optical Fibre

5. how a LASER works Absorption of Energy Emission of Energy

6. how a LASER works Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) 12 34

7. how a LASER works LASER light is –Monochromatic: one specific colour –Coherent: photons move in step with each other –Very directional

8. how optical fibre works Light travels through the core by constantly bouncing from the cladding (mirror-lined walls) via a principle called total internal reflection (TIR) Glass CORE Glass CLADDING BUFFER COATING

9. how optical fibre works Light rays are governed by two laws: –Law of reflection  θ incidence = θ reflection –Law of refraction (Snell’s Law)  n 1 sinθ 1 = n 2 sinθ 2 n = refractive index, θ = light ray angle High refractive index glass CORE Low refractive index glass CLADDING BUFFER COATING Total internal reflection: –n 1 > n 2 –θ 1 > θ c = sin -1 (n 2 /n 1 )

10. summary Let’s summarise: –Light source: LASER –Medium: optical fibre –Light is an EM wave How do we use light to transmit information?

11. let’s call Germany Analogue Voice Signal

12. light encoding 0 256 0011001001011101......... Typical telephone call ~ 64 kb/s 50 92

13. optical communication Optical Fibre Encoder Decoder Transmitter Receiver

14. bridge the world

15. why use light? Advantages of optical fibre –Speed –Bandwidth ~ 350 Tb/s –Price –Physical size and weight –Immune to EM interference –Low signal loss –Non-flammable –Flexible

16. assign a colour to each signal

17. unused bandwidth The problem is not that the fibre is too slow, rather the information travels at the speed of light However, the fibre needs to be connected to electronic detectors, routers and transmitters etc. that transfer information between different users/senders Current detectors, routers and transmitters are not able to modulate light at these incredible speeds Possible solution  Fibre To The Home (FTTH)

18. $43 billion national broadband network One of the “top three engineering challenges” in Australia Optical fibres and light will carry data across Australia to homes and businesses Data rates of at least 12 Mb/s to 98% of premises in Australia, and 100 Mb/s for regional towns or cities New optical infrastructure is needed to meet these requirements  Photonic Chips (photonic integrated circuits)

19. photonic chip & doing my bit I create analogies of optical fibre devices in glass using a high power laser system

20. summary Light can be used to send data signals all over the world using lasers and optical fibres Voice, TV, video, internet, email & gaming can all fit on one fibre as different colours Groups around the world are working on next generation photonic chips for use in all optical networks  faster communication and optical processing systems

21. picture sources http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/photonics http://www.okcupid.com/forum http://www.portsdown-tunnels.org.uk http://www.thechemistrynerd.com/benfranklin http://www.irishdentist.ie http://science.howstuffworks.com http://hackaday.com http://media.photobucket.com http://www.next-up.org/Newsoftheworld http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish http://www.alibaba.com/showroom http://www.rp-photonics.com