1. Earth’s History

2. Origin of the Earth Nebular Hypothesis –Bodies of our solar system condensed from an enormous cloud –Cloud began contracting, spinning, and flattening Earth –Density sorted material and eventually, gases escaped from the interior to form an atmosphere

3. Earth’s Atmosphere Evolves Outgassing –Gases that are in molten rock are gradually released Water vapor condensed to form clouds –Rain cooled Earth’s crust until the rains slowly filled low areas, forming the oceans –Reduced CO 2 because it became trapped in water Plants evolved and released oxygen

4. Precambrian Time 4.6 billion to 570 million years ago Precambrian Rocks –Shields Areas shaped like shields that have been extensively eroded to reveal Precambrian rock Mostly deformed metamorphic rock Ore deposits

5. Precambrian Time Precambrian Fossils –Stromatolites Calcium carbonate deposited by algae Indirect evidence of algae –Tiny organisms Life 3.5 billion years ago Most preserved in chert, a hard, dense chemical sedimentary rock –Prokaryotes found (blue-green algae & bacteria) Southern Africa—3.1 billion years Lake Superior—1.7 billion years

6. Precambrian Time –Eukaryotes found (green algae) Bitter Springs, Australia—1 billion years –Plant fossils date from the middle Precambrian –Trace fossils of animals Trails and worm holes Fossil impressions –Animal fossils date from the late Precambrian –Diverse and multicelled organisms exist by the close of the Precambrian

7. Paleozoic Era—Life Explodes 570-245 million years ago Hard parts appeared on organisms Early Paleozoic History –Mountain building affected eastern North America—long since eroded

8. Paleozoic Era—Life Explodes Early Paleozoic Life: “Age of Invertebrates” Restricted to seas –Cambrian Trilobites –Mud-burrowing scavengers –More than 600 genera –Ordovician—shallow seas Organisms with hard parts Brachiopods –Adults attached to the sea floor, larvae free-swimming Cephalopods –Mobile, highly developed mollusks; predators

9. Paleozoic Era—Life Explodes Late Paleozoic History –Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian periods –Pangaea Extreme seasons that caused one of the most dramatic biological declines in history

10. Paleozoic Era—Life Explodes Late Paleozoic Life –Land plants developed –Fishes continued to adapt –Devonian period: “Age of Fishes” –Lobe-finned fish evolved into amphibians –Insects –Extensive coal swamps develop

11. Paleozoic Extinction Climates changed because of the formation of Pangaea 75% of amphibians disappeared Up to 95% of marine life disappeared 1 of 5 mass extinctions Cause is uncertain

12. Mesozoic Era—Age of the Dinosaurs 245 to 66 million years ago Mesozoic History –Much of world’s land above sea level –Breakup of Pangaea –Mountains of western North America begin forming

13. Mesozoic Era—Age of the Dinosaurs Mesozoic Life –Survivors of the great Paleozoic extinction –Gymnosperms became dominant –Reptiles adapt to dry climate –Reptiles have shell-covered eggs that can be laid on the land –One group of reptiles led to the birds –Many reptile groups and other animal groups became extinct at the close of the Mesozoic

14. Cenozoic Era—Age of Mammals 66 million years ago to present North America –Most was above sea level –Mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes in the West –In the East: stable with abundant marine sedimentation; eroded Appalachians were raised by isostatic adjustments

15. Cenozoic Era—Age of Mammals –Western North America Rivers erode and form gorges (Grand Canyon) Volcanic activity common Coast ranges form Sierra Nevada become fault-block mountains

16. Cenozoic Era—Age of Mammals Cenozoic life –Mammals replace reptiles as dominant land animals –Angiosperms dominate the plant world –Mammals evolve after the reptilian extinctions of the Mesozoic Marsupials Placentals

17. Cenozoic Era—Age of Mammals –Mammals diversify rapidly and some groups become very large Hornless rhinoceros—nearly 16 feet high Many large animals became extinct Humans evolve