1. Modern History of South Africa Main Idea Statements
The separation of races was essential to the minority control over South Africa.
Apartheid resulted in the creation of a system of inequality and injustice for the majority of South Africans.
Limited reforms were made to apartheid that had little effect on the lives of the majority of South African.
Limited political and social reforms in South Africa resulted in Non-White African resistance to white repression. (being kept down by force)
South Africa is making strides to dismantle the legacy of apartheid as well as working towards a more positive future through government reform.

2. Closure A fundamental CAUSE of apartheid was…..
A major EFFECT of apartheid was/is….

3. World Revolution DVD
Intro to Imperialism 7:00 minutes

4. South Africa Use World Revolutions: South Africa DVD

5. Bantu Migration
6th Century

6. Bantu Migration

7. Brief History of South Africa
1652: The Dutch arrived on the southern coast and established Cape Town
Boers: Dutch for farmer
Afrikaners: white Dutch descendants of South Africa
Afrikaans: language

8. European settlement of South Africa began with the arrival of Dutch commander Jan van Riebeeck and his 90 men, who landed in 1652 at the Cape of Good Hope under instructions by the Dutch East India Company to build a fort and develop a vegetable garden for the benefit of ships on the Eastern trade route

10. Brief History of South Africa
1815: The British took over the Dutch colony. The Boers resented the British and wanted their independence

11. Brief History of South Africa
1834: The British end slavery in all of their colonies. The Dutch farming economy depends on slaves for labor, so they rebel against the British anti-slavery laws.

12. Brief History of South Africa
1836: The Boer Trek or Great Trek
Cause: When the British ended slavery, thousands of Boers left the south and headed north
saw as a threat to their way of life
Separatists

13. Bantu(Zulu)
Great Trek

15. Brief History of South Africa
Great Trek
Effects:
1850s: The Boers established independent nations in the north.
Orange Free State & Transvaal
clashed with the Zulu, who had migrated to the same area and owned the best farmland.
the British and defeated the Zulu
Anglo – Zulu War

16. Anglo-Zulu War
Shaka’s successors could not keep power against superior British arms.
In 1879 the Anglo-Zulu War broke out.
Zulus are defeated

17. Shaka’s Military Innovations
Ikwla - Short spear was the principal weapon requiring close hand to hand combat.
Large cowhide shield was introduced.
Constant drilling to keep warriors physically fit.
Boys six and over were apprentice warriors who carried rations. They were highly organized.
Impi - Regiments were given various tasks based on the age range of the men making up the regiment.
“Buffalo horn formation” is credited to Shaka.

18. Shaka Reading King of the Zulus

20. An 1824 sketch of Shaka ( ), the great Zulu king, four years before his death. By James King, it is the only known drawing of Shaka
In 1879 the Zulu army, under King Cetshwayo, delivered a resounding and humiliating defeat to the armed might of the British Empire at Isandhlwana

21. Shaka Assassinated
In 1827, Shaka's mother, Nandi, died, and the Zulu leader lost his mind.
In his grief, Shaka had hundreds of Zulus killed, and he outlawed the planting of crops and the use of milk for a year.
All women found pregnant were murdered along with their husbands.
He sent his army on an extensive military operation, and when they returned exhausted he immediately ordered them out again.
On September 22, 1828, his half-brothers murdered Shaka.
Dingane, one of the brothers, then became king of the Zulus

22. Transvaal
Orange Free State

23. Brief History of South Africa
1867: Diamonds were discovered in the Boers republic
1884: Gold was discovered in the Boer republic

24. Brief History of South Africa
: The Boer War
Boers vs. British
Causes
British wanted control of the diamonds and gold. The Boers fought back for their independence.
Effects
ended with the British in control of all of South Africa
1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union of South Africa

26. The Boer reply was to intensify guerilla war – General Jan Smuts (Boer), who had been Kruger's state attorney, led his troops to within 190 kilometres of Cape Town – and in response Kitchener (British) adopted a scorched-earth policy and set up racially separate civilian concentration camps in which some 26 000 Boer women and children and 14 000 black and mixed race people were to die in appalling conditions.

27. Brief History of South Africa
1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union of South Africa
Effects: whites controlled the government
only Whites voted
Boers were the majority, they gained control

28. World Revolution DVD
Formal Apartheid 6:00

29. 1948: Apartheid Apartheid began in 1948, under the National Party
Rigid separation of races – forced segregation
Afrikaans: "separateness”
All South Africans were classified: White, Black, Mixed races or Asian (Indians mostly)
White South Africans – 10%
Black South Africans – 79%
Mixed – 9%
Asians – 2%

31. Apartheid Laws Separate development = justification
Bantustans/Homelands
was a territory set aside for South Africans Blacks
Pass laws
enacted to allowed South African Blacks out of their homelands for work
Could not officially live in cities (townships - Soweto)
Bantu Education
designed to ensure under achievement only preparing students for unskilled labor.
No voting for non-whites
Population Registration Act of 1950
Supported Ethnic divisions everywhere – divided families
Job classification

33. "In 1953 the government passed the Bantu Education Act, which the people didn't want. We didn't want this bad education for our children. This Bantu Education Act was to make sure that our children only learnt things that would make them good for what the government wanted: to work in the factories and so on; they must not learn properly at school like the white children. Our children were to go to school only three hours a day, two shifts of children every day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, so that more children could get a little bit of learning without government having to spend more money. Hawu! It was a terrible thing that act."

39. Effects of Apartheid Created a system of inequality and injustice
Guaranteed minority rule
South African Blacks = labor = basis of economy
Divided families

40. World Revolution DVD
Anti Apartheid Movement 13:37-18:00
5:00 minutes

41. Brief History of South Africa
1950s: Opposition to apartheid forms
National and International

42. National Opposition African National Congress formed 1912
Defiance Campaign
Mass Non-violence/ civil disobedience against unjust laws – strkes and boycotts
Spear of the Nation: militant branch
Opposed minority government
Formed first multiracial democratically elected government
Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika
The song was the official anthem for the African National Congress during the apartheid era and was a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement – song
Now South Africa National Anthem

43. African National Congress

44. National Opposition Sharpeville Massacre 1960
Cause: Demonstration against passbooks
Effects: worldwide protests against the South African government, ANC banned, 69 dead
Quote:
It was then that police opened fire, without being given a order to do so. Panic gripped the marches. They immediately tried to flee but were unable to do so, due to the massive crowd surrounding them. Press reports later described the scene, "policeman on top of Saracen armored vehicles swung sten guns in a wide arc, gunning down the crowd. Bodies laid strewn in the road and on the pavement. The wounded fled into backyards and side streets. Children ran like rabbits. One by one the guns stopped". The final toll was 69 dead and 180 had bullet wounds, among them seriously injured.

45. Suddenly I heard chilling cries of "Izwe Lethu" it sounded mainly like the voices of women. Hands went up in the famous black power salute. That is when the shooting started. We heard the clatter of machine guns one after the other. The protestors thought they were firing blanks or warning shots. One woman was hit about 10 yards away from our car, as she fell to the ground  her companion went back to assist, he thought she had stumbled. Then he tried to pick her up, as he turned her around he saw her chest had been blown away from the hail of bullets. He looked at the blood on his hand and screamed "God she had been shot". Hundreds of kids were running like wild rabbits, some of them were gunned down. Shooting only stopped when no living protestor was in sight".

47. Sharpeville Massacre

48. The police later claimed they were in extreme danger because the crowed was stoning them. They also said that the crowd was armed with weapons which littered the compound when they left.
Photographs taken by the press later revealed that the protestors were unarmed and only hats, bicycles, shoes and other personal belongings were left among the dead and injured bodies. At that time no one dared to testify against the apartheid police.

49. National Opposition Soweto Riots 1976
Cause: Students joined the protest when a new law went into affect requiring Afrikaans in all public school; symbol of white rule
Effects
Violence, arrests, Biko murdered

50. The Soweto demonstrations of 1976, the largest outbreak of violence in South Africa since the Sharpeville aftermath in On June 16, Soweto school children demonstrating against the use of Afrikaans as a language of instruction were met with massive police force, unleashing a wave of confrontations that resulted in close to 400 killed and thousands arrested. Large numbers of youngsters fled the country, providing fertile ground for recruitment of ANC guerrillas over the following years.
Soweto Riots Video 4:00 use
Soweto Riots Video
4:00
Copy and paste into Explorer

52. Anti-Apartheid Leaders
Albert Luthuli:
1960 winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, president of the ANC (1951), nonviolent resistance
Walter Sisulu:
ANC, planning role in the "Spear of the Nation“, 26 years prison
Stephen Biko
Black Consciousness Movement
focused on the ability of black people to change the oppressive situation in South Africa by rejecting the system of apartheid

53. Anti-Apartheid Leaders
Archbishop Desmond Tutu:
winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, nonviolent resistance, (1980’s)
Nelson Mandela ( )
see Biography questions
Brief CNN Video
Mandela Feb 4, 1994 Video
Mandala Pictures and Quotes
Timeline NYTimes Timeline
Remembering Mandela
Madiba - a sign of respect and affection

54. Albert Luthuli

55. Nelson Mandela

56. Nelson Mandela and Morgan Freeman
Mandela and Idris Elba

58. The Black Consciousness Movement was formed in the mid- to late-1960s by Steve Biko, and like minded activists in South Africa, as a reaction to the Apartheid state's white racism and the perceived paternalistic attitudes of white liberal groups.
The development of the BCM echoed the growth of Black Power in the US. The movement's ideology, although founded in black Christianity, tended towards more militant and radical solutions. This was despite Biko's support for non-violent action (he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi).
By 1976 the key leadership of the BCM had either been banned or arrested. On 12 September 1977, its leader, Steve Biko died in detention in a Pretoria prison cell.

59. Steve Biko was one of South Africa's most significant political activists and a leading founder of South Africa's Black Consciousness Movement. His death in police detention in 1977 led to his being hailed as a martyr of the anti-Apartheid struggle.
Steve Biko's grave, at King Williams Town. The charismatic and brilliant leader of the "Black Consciousness" movement among young South African Blacks in the 1960s and 70s, Steve Biko was arrested in 1977 and held without charge like thousands of other suspected "subversives." On September 12, 1977, Biko died in detention as a result of beatings by security forces. His death unleashed a wave of emotion which led to further governmental crackdowns. Biko has remained a symbol of Black pride and defiance.

60. 10 Minute Biko Video
Cry Freedom Clip Meaning of Black Consciousness

61. Biko – Peter Gabriel - 1980 Play Song We are the World
September '77 Port Elizabeth weather fine It was business as usual In police room 619 Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja -The man is dead When I try to sleep at night I can only dream in red The outside world is black and white With only one colour dead Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja -The man is dead
You can blow out a candle But you can't blow out a fire Once the flames begin to catch The wind will blow it higher Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja -The man is dead And the eyes of the world are watching now watching now
Play Song
We are the World
We are the World Haiti

62. Hector Pieterson being carried by Mbuyisa Makhubo after being shot by South African police. His sister, Antoinette Sithole runs beside them. Pieterson was rushed to local clinic and declared dead on arrival at the clinic

63. Umkhonto we Sizwe

64. In 1961, MK published a manifesto entitled Umkhonto we Sizwe (Military wing of the African National Congress):
We are at War!
"Our men are armed and trained freedom fighters not terrorists.
We are fighting for democracy—majority rule—the right of the Africans to rule Africa.
We are fighting for a South Africa in which there will be peace and harmony and equal rights for all people.
We are not racialists, as the white oppressors are. The African National Congress has a message of freedom for all who live in our country."

66. Robben Island

67. Brief History of South Africa
1964: Nelson Mandela, the leader of the African National Congress, was imprisoned
World opinion turns against the South African government – Free Mandela Song 1984

68. Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find, me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll. I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. William Ernest Henley
Invictus
unbeaten unconquered
Poem recited by Morgan Freeman

69. Limited Reforms to Apartheid 1982 - 1983
Semantics:
apartheid = separate development
Passbooks = identity cards
Laws with limited impact – no real changes
Asian and mixed race into government with no power – limited participation
Not illegal to have racially mixed marriages but illegal to live together
Organizations not banned but forbidden to hold meetings
Removal of examples of “Petty Apartheid”
Changed signs to blue and white figures

70. International Opposition
economic sanction and isolation
punitive measures to punish a country
United Nations placed an arms embargo on South Africa
Olympic Committee barred South African athletes from competition/Expelled from FIFA
United States imposed economic sanctions
Could not borrow from international lending organizations

71. International Opposition
divestment
economic boycott to pressure a government, industry, or company towards a change in policy
financial, ethical, or political objectives
although it hit the poor hardest
divestment threw blacks out of work
Tutu argued
“at least South African Blacks would be suffering with a purpose"

73. We're rockers and rappers united and strong We're here to talk about South Africa we don't like what's going on It's time for some justice it's time for the truth We've realized there's only one thing we can do I ain't gonna play Sun City Relocation to phony homelands Separation of families I can't understand 23 million can't vote because they're black We're stabbing our brothers and sisters in the back I ain't gonna play Sun City Our government tells us we're doing all we can Constructive Engagement is Ronald Reagan's plan Meanwhile people are dying and giving up hope This quiet diplomacy ain't nothing but a joke I ain't gonna play Sun City
Boputhuswana is far away But we know it's in South Africa no matter what they say You can't buy me I don't care what you pay Don't ask me Sun City because I ain't gonna play I ain't gonna play Sun City It's time to accept our responsibility Freedom is a privilege nobody rides for free Look around the world baby it can't be denied Why are we always on the wrong side I ain't gonna play Sun City Relocation to phony homelands Separation of families I can't understand 23 million can't vote because they're black We're stabbing our brothers and sisters in the back
Play Song (1985) song

74. Effects Sanctions slowed South Africa’s economy
Consolidated Gold Fields played a key role in ending apartheid in South Africa; Michael Young, the company's public affairs director embarked on the controversial course of initiating secret discussions between the South African government and the ANC at the company's estate in Somerset, Mells Park House. This ultimately resulted in the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and the handover of power to majority rule: the events are described in the 2009 television film "Endgame".
A growing number of white South Africans came to believe that apartheid must end in order for the country to grow

75. Show End of Apartheid: Revolutions
18-22

76. End of Apartheid F.W. de Klerk (1989)
Lifted bans on opposition groups
Government repeals pass laws
They opened segregated facilities to ALL South Africans
Mandela’s release from prison (1990)
New constitution – officially ends apartheid, guaranteeing non-whites rights,
1994: 1st all-race election = Mandela = ANC (speech)

78. Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find, me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll. I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. William Ernest Henley
Invictus
unbeaten unconquered
Poem recited by Morgan Freeman

79. Challenges and the Future
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Find the truth about apartheid
Mandela “heal the wounds of the past”
Amnesty: “legal forgiveness”
Legacy of Apartheid
Continued economic inequality
Issues: housing, running water,
Electricity, high unemployment
Segregation illegal but still a reality
Born Free – Life After Apartheid Video

80.
Born Free 1/13/2014
Born Free Video

82. A world map showing all the truth and reconciliation commissions in Museum of Memory and Human Rights, Santiago, Chile.
A truth commission or truth and reconciliation commission is a commission tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government (or, depending on the circumstances, non-state actors also), in the hope of resolving conflict left over from the past. established by Mandela after apartheid, is popularly considered a model of truth commissions.

83. In recent years, how has the South African government tried create a better future for its citizens?
Democracy
New Government/Constitution
antidiscrimination laws
protection of human rights
Try to improve healthcare, unemployment, education