1. CSE 441 Information Technology
Saturday 12:00 PM
Monday 9:00 AM
Md. Shahrear Iqbal
Lecturer
Department of CSE
BUET

2. Foundations of Information Systems in Business

3. Information system vs Information Technology
Information Systems 
is a large umbrella referring to systems designed to create, store, manipulate, or disseminate information.
Information technology
technology dealing with information processing, storage, and transmission.
This includes in particular computer technology and the different communication technologies (electronic, radiowave, optical etc.).

4. Information system vs Information Technology
Information technology can be considered as a subset of information systems. It deals with the technology part of any information system, and as such deals with hardware, servers, operating systems and software etc.
A system is always a combination of people, machines, processes and technology. And IT is just a part of the system. Since a part can never be identical to whole, information systems is never going to be identical to information technology. Designing of a system takes much more than technology as people and processes are also involved.

5. Information system vs Information Technology
‘Information systems’
is in essence bridging the gap between business and the ever growing field of computers.
On the other hand, information technology is all about managing technology and making use of it for the betterment of business.

6. Foundation Concepts
Fundamental behavioral, technical, business, and managerial concepts about the components and roles of information systems.
Example: Basic information systems concepts derived from general systems theory

7. Business Applications
The major uses of information systems for the operations, management, and competitive advantage of the E-Business enterprise
Includes electronic business, commerce, collaboration, and decision making using the Internet, intranets, and extranets

8. Development Processes
How business professionals and information specialists plan, develop, and implement information systems to meet E-Business opportunities using several strategic planning and application development approaches

9. Management Challenges
The challenges of effectively and ethically managing E-business technologies, strategies, and security at the end user, enterprise, and global levels of a business

10. Information Technologies
Major concepts, developments, and management issues in information techology
Hardware, software, networks, data resource management, and Internet based technologies
Our main focus

11. What is an Information System?
Simple Definition:
It can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks and data resources that collects, transforms, and communicates information in an organization.
Hardware – physical device
Software – processing instructions and procedures
Communications channels – networks
Stored Data – data resources

12. What is a System? Generic Def’n: IS Def’n
A group of interrelated or interacting elements forming an unified whole
IS Def’n
A group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and accepting outputs in an organized transformation process

13. Basic System Components
Input
Capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. Ex: raw materials, energy, data
Processing
Involves transformation processes that convert input into output. Ex. Manufacturing processes, mathematical calculations
Output
Involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination. Ex: finished products to their human users

14. Additional Components
Feedback
Data about the performance of a system. Ex: Data about sales performance is feedback to a sales manager
Control
Monitoring and evaluating feedback and control components to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal. Ex. Reassigning salespeople after evaluating their performance
System makes necessary adjustments to input and processing to make sure produces desired output

15. Other Characteristics
Environment
Other systems that the system interacts with
Subsystem
A system that is a component in a larger system
Interface
Means in which a system is connected to another
Open system
A system that interacts with other systems in its environment
Adaptive System
A system that has the ability to change itself or its environment in order to survive

16. Diagram of a System Environment Other Systems Manufacturing Process
Input of
Raw Materials
Output of
Finished Products
Environment
Other Systems
Control by
Management
Control
Signals
Feedback
System Boundary

17. Components of an IS Four major concepts
People, hardware, software, data and networks are the five basic resources of information systems
People resources include end users, IS specialists, hardware resources consist of machines and media, software resources include both programs and procedures, data resources can include data and knowledge bases, and networks include communications media and networks

18. Components of an IS Four major concepts continued…
Data resources are transformed by information processing activities into a variety of information products for end users
Information processing consists of input, processing, output, storage, and control activities

19. Information System Resources

20. Information System Resources
People Resources
End Users – the people who use an information system or the information it produces. Ex: Accountants, salespeople, customers
IS Specialists – the people who develop and operate information systems based on the requirements of end users. Ex: programmers, analysts, system operators

21. Information System Resources
Hardware Resources
Machines, such as computers and other devices, and media, such as paper, disks
Computer Systems such as the personal computer (desktop), mainframe, or laptop
Computer peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, scanner, printer, disks

22. Information System Resources
Software Resources
Programs – sets of operating instructions that direct and control computer hardware
Procedures – sets of information processing instructions that people need

23. Information System Resources
Software Resources continued
System Software – such as operating system that supports the operations of a computer system. Ex. Windows 98
Application Software – programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users. Ex. Excel
Procedures – operating instructions for people who will use an IS. Ex. Instructions for filling out a form.

24. Information System Resources
Data Resources
Types of data
Text data
Image data
Audio data
Data Storage
Databases – hold processed and organized data
Knowledge bases – hold knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and case examples of successful business practices

25. Information System Resources
Data Resources continued…
Data Vs. Information
Data – raw facts or observations, objective measurements of the characteristics of entities such as people, places, things and events
Information – data that has been converted to a meaningful and useful context for specific end users.

26. Information System Resources
Data Resources continued…
Data is subjected to a value-added process
Its form is aggregated, manipulated and organized
Its content is analyzed and evaluated
It is placed in a proper context for a human user
Called data processing or information processing

27. Information System Resources
Data Resources continued…
West Charles Mann
79154 TM Shoes
Monthly Sales Report
for West Region
Sales Rep: Charles Mann
Emp No
Item Qty Sold Price
TM Shoes $100

28. Information System Resources
Network Resources
Communication media – Twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable and microwave, cellular, and satellite technologies
Network support – people and all of the hardware, software, and data technologies that directly support the operation and use of a communication network.

29. Information System Activities
Input of Data Resources
Data about business transactions and other events must be captured and prepared for processing
Input typically takes the form of data entry activities such as recording and editing
End users typically enter data directly into a computer system or record it on some physical media such as a paper form

30. Information System Activities
Processing of Data into Information
Data is subjected to processing activities such as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying and summarizing
This organizes, analyzes, and manipulated data, turning it into information
The quality of data stored in an information system must be maintained by a continual process of correcting and updating activities

31. Information System Activities
Output of Information Products
The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information products for end users
Examples are messages, reports, forms and graphic images which may be provided by video displays, audio responses, paper products, and multimedia

32. Information System Activities
Information Quality
Information that is outdated, inaccurate, or hard to understand is not meaningful, useful, or valuable to end users
Information products should have characteristics, attributes, and qualities that make the information more valuable to the end users
Information has three dimensions of time, form, and content

33. Information System Activities
Information Quality continued..

34. Information System Activities
Name
Field
Payroll
Record
File
Personnel
Database
Storage of Data Resources
Data and information are retained in an organized manner for later use
Stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and databases

35. Information System Activities
Control of System Performance
An IS should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and usage activities
This feedback must be monitored and evaluated to determine if the system is meeting performance standards
Activities must be adjusted so that proper information products are produced for end users

36. Business Processes and Operations
Roles of IS in Business
Support of
Strategic
Advantage
Business
Decision Making
Business Processes and Operations

37. History of Information Systems
Data
Processing
Management
Reporting
Decision
Support
Strategic &
End User
Electronic
Commerce
- TPS
Information
Systems
- Ad hoc
Reports
Computing
Exec Info Sys
Expert Systems
SIS
Business &
-Internetworked
E-Business &

38. The E-Business Enterprise
The use of Internet technologies to inter-network and empower business processes, electronic commerce, and enterprise communication and collaboration within a company and with its customers, suppliers, and other business stakeholders.

39. The E-Business Enterprise
E-Business enterprises rely on information technologies such as the Internet to:
Reengineer and revitalize internal business processes
Implement electronic commerce systems among businesses and their customers and suppliers
Promote enterprise collaboration among business teams and workgroup

40. The E-Business Enterprise
Enterprise collaboration systems
Involve the use of groupware tools to support communication, coordination, and collaboration among members of networked teams and workgroups
Electronic Commerce
The buying and selling, marketing and servicing of products, services and information over a variety of computer networks

41. The E-Business Enterprise
Types of networks
The Internet
Intranets – the network existing inside an enterprise
Extranets – networks existing between enterprises

42. The Internetworked Business
Manufacturing
and
Production
Engineering &
Research
Accounting,
Finance, and
Management
Suppliers and Other Business Partners
Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics
Advertising Sales Customer Service
Consumer and Business Customers
Company
Boundary
Intranets
The Internet
Extranets

43. Types of Information Systems
Transaction
Processing
Systems
Process
Control
Enterprise
Collaboration
Operations
Support
Management
Information
Decision
Executive
Information Systems

44. Operations Support Systems
Role is to efficiently process business transactions, control industrial processes, support enterprise communications and collaboration, and update corporate databases
Examples
Transaction Processing Systems – record and process data from business transactions in one of two ways – batch process and real-time process
Process Control Systems – monitor and control physical processes such petroleum refining
Enterprise Collaboration Systems – enhance team and workgroup communications and productivity

45. Management Support Systems
Focus on providing information and support for effective decision making by management
Examples
Management Information Systems – provide information in forms of reports and displays to managers and other professionals
Decision Support Systems – giver direct computer support during the decision making process
Executive Information Systems – provide critical information from a wide variety of internal and external sources in an easy to use displays

46. Other Classifications
Expert Systems – provide expert advice for operational chores like equipment diagnostics
Knowledge Management Systems – support the creation, organization, and distribution of business knowledge to employees and managers
Functional Information Systems – focus on operational and managerial applications in support of basic business functions such as accounting
Strategic Information Systems – apply information technology to a firm’s products, services, or business practices to gain a competitive advantage

47. Developing Information Systems
Development Cycle

48. Managerial Challenges of IT
Information systems and their technologies must be managed to support the business strategies, business processes, and organizational structures and culture of an enterprise to increase its customer and business value

49. Managerial Challenges of IT
Business Strategies
Business Processes
Business Needs
Customer Relationships
Business Partners
Suppliers
Business Customers
Ethical Considerations
Potential Risks?
Potential Laws?
Possible Responses?
IS Human Resources
IS Development
IT Infrastructure
IS Performance
Organization Structure
and Culture
User Acceptance

50. Ethics and IT Ethical Responsibilies
What use of IT may be considered improper, irresponsible, or harmful to other individuals or society?
How to protect yourself from computer crime?
Use of Internet in the business environment?

51. The IS Function
A major functional area of business that is as important to business success as the functions of accounting, finance, operations management, marketing, and human resource management
An important contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity and morale, and customer service and satisfaction
A major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision making by managers and business professionals

52. The IS Function
A vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that give an organization a strategic advantage in the global marketplace
A dynamic, rewarding, and challenging career opportunity for millions of men and women
A key component of the resources, infrastructure, and capabilities of today’s e-business enterprises

53. Questions
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