1. EQUILIBRIUM BASICS Chapter 14.1-14.3

2. Lesson Objectives Know -Factors that affect/don’t affect a reaction reaching equilibrium -K is equilibrium constant for any reversible reaction -K c and K p are related to each other through K p = K c (RT)  ng -Coefficient Rule -Reciprocal Rule -Rule of Multiple Equilibria Understand -Equilibrium is based on when RATES of forward and reverse reactions are equal, not when concentrations of reactants and products are equal -The equilibrium constant K has its roots in the kinetics rate law constant k -The size of the equilibrium constant tells us which side (reactants or products) is favored in an equilibrium reaction -K may only be calculated with concentration or pressure values when the system is at EQUILIBRIUM -Solids and liquids are not used in equilibrium constant expressions Do -Write an equilibrium constant expression for a given reaction -Calculate K based on equilibrium concentrations -Apply the Coefficient Rule, the Reciprocal Rule, and the Rule of Multiple Equilibria to calculate a new K from a known K -Calculate K when given initial concentration or pressure values (ICE Chart)

3. Which of the following is NOT true about a reaction at equilibrium? N 2 O 4  2NO 2 A. [N 2 O 4 ] = 2 [NO 2 ] B. The rate of the forward and reverse reactions are the same C. The equilibrium constant will describe whether the process favors reactants or products D. [N 2 O 4 ] and [NO 2 ] remain constant. E. For every 2 molecules of NO 2 reacted, 1 molecule of N 2 O 4 is produced

4. AT EQUILIBRIUM AT EQUILIBRIUM Two reactions are occurring (forward and reverse) indicated by double arrow. Equilibrium definition: a reaction has reached equilibrium (balance) when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same RATE. This means that concentrations of reactants and products stay CONSTANT over time

5. An Equilibrium Example See this interactive tutorial herehere

6. Equilibrium factors: Equilibrium IS dependent on ◦ TEMPERATURE (affects the equilibrium constant, K) It is NOT dependent on ◦ Original concentrations ◦ Volume of the container ◦ Total pressure of the system  Remember – the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture is proportional to the mole fraction of that gas in the mixture!

7. The following data are for the system A(g)  2B(g) Time (s)020406080100 P A (atm)1.000.830.720.650.62 P B (atm)0.000.340.560.700.76 How long does it take the system to reach equilibrium?

8. K: equilibrium constant K: equilibrium constant Tells us the extent to which the reaction will go until it reaches equilibrium ◦ Large K means the reaction goes mostly to product ◦ Small K means the reaction stays mostly as reactant

9. For a reaction 2A(g) + B(g)  2C(g) K = 1 x 10 83 which of the following can be concluded? A. At equilibrium, [A] = ½[B] = [C] B. At equilibrium, the largest concentration is [A] C. At equilibrium, the largest concentration is [C] D. This reaction favors the reactants E. This reaction happens very quickly

10. Writing K expression (equilibrium expression) Uses only gaseous or aqueous products and reactants (no solids or liquids; their concentrations do not change during reactions) Coefficients become exponents Products over reactants For aA + bB  cC + dD K p = or K c = Relate to each other: K p = K c (RT) Δng ◦ R = gas law constant (0.0821 atm·L/mol·K) ◦ Δng = change in moles of gas (products – reactants) (P C ) c x (P D ) d (P A ) a x (P B ) b [C] c [D] d [A] a [B] b

11. Which of the following species should NOT be included in the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction? 2A(s) + B(aq)  2C(l) + D(g) A. A, B, C B. B, C C. A, C D. A, C, D E. B, D

12. For a reaction 2A + B  2C When equilibrium is established, the ratio of products to reactants (K) = 0.5. Which of the following initial conditions could be changed to cause a different equilibrium constant value? A. Start with more A B. Dilute the reaction by adding water C. Increase the temperature of the reaction D. Add a catalyst

13. To calculate K p from K c for the reaction A(g) + 2B(g)  C(g) what would be the exponent to which K c (RT) is raised? A. -2 B. -1 C. 0 D. 1 E. 2

14. Write the equilibrium constant (K) expressions for the following reactions: I 2 (g) + 5F 2 (g)  2 IF 5 (g) SnO 2 (s) + 2H 2 (g)  Sn (s) + 2H 2 O (l)

15. For the reaction 2 NO(g) + O 2 (g)  2 NO 2 (g) determine the K p at 298K if K c is 4.67 x 10 13

16. True or False? Given the equation below, N 2 + 3H 2  2 NH 3 if one mole of N 2 is mixed with 3 moles of H 2, 2 moles of NH 3 will form.

17. True or False? Given the equation below, N 2 + 3H 2  2 NH 3 for every 1 mole of N 2 that reacts, 3 moles of H 2 will also react and 2 moles of NH 3 will form.

18. Calculate K for the reaction NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 (s)  2 NH 3 (g) + CO 2 (g) if at equilibrium there are 0.159 g of NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 and pressures of 0.0451 atm of CO 2 and 0.0961 atm NH 3

19. K depends on the form (coefficients) of the balanced equation! This means that K changes when: ◦ The coefficients are multiplied ◦ Reactions are reversed ◦ Reactions are added together (mechanism)

20. Coefficient rule: If coefficients are multiplied by a factor (n), then K is RAISED TO THE (n) EXPONENT A 2 (g) + 2B (g)  2AB (g) K = 3A 2 (g) + 6B (g)  6AB (g) K = P AB 2 P A x P B 2 P AB 6 P A 3 x P B 6

21. Calculate K for the formation of 2 moles of ICl(g) ICl (g)  ½I 2 (g) + ½Cl 2 (g) K = 2.2x10 -3

22. Reciprocal rule: If the reaction is reversed, K of the forward and K of the reverse are reciprocals of each other (new K = 1/old K) A 2 (g) + 2B (g)  2AB (g) K = 2AB (g)  A 2 (g) + 2B (g) K = P AB 2 P A x P B 2 P AB 2 P A x P B 2

23. Rule of multiple equilibria If multiple reactions are added together to get an overall reaction, the overall K is the PRODUCT of the individual K’s A 2 (g) + 2B (g)  2AB (g) 2AB (g) + C (g)  A 2 B 2 C (g) A 2 (g) + 2B (g) + C (g)  A 2 B 2 C (g) Find overall K it by multiplying individual K’s:

24. Given the reactions below and their constants, calculate K for the rxn: Fe(s) + H 2 O(g)  FeO(s) + H 2 (g) H 2 O(g) + CO(g)  H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g) K = 1.6 FeO(s) + CO(g)  Fe(s) + CO 2 (g) K = 0.67

25. Determining K K must use values AT EQUILIBRIUM! When given initial concentrations or pressures in a problem, you must determine what the values will be at equilibrium before you can calculate K Use an ICE Chart to determine how the initial values will increase or decrease to get to equilibrium, then solve for K. ◦ Solids and liquids have no effect on equilibrium, so they don’t need values in your ICE chart.

26. The ICE Chart Initial/Change/Equilibrium Given initial pressures, find equilibrium constant A 2 = 0.1 atm B = 0.2 atm A 2 (g) + 2B(g)  2AB(g) I C E 0.1 atm 0.2 atm 0.0 atm -x-2x +2x 0.1 - x 0.2 - 2x 2x

27. For the decomposition reaction NH 4 HS(s)  NH 3 (g) + H 2 S(g) In a sealed flask are 10.0 g of NH 4 HS, NH 3 with a partial pressure of 0.692 atm and H 2 S with a partial pressure of 0.0532 atm. When equilibrium is established, it is found that the partial pressure of NH 3 has increased by 12.4%. Calculate K for this reaction.

28. Lesson Objectives Know -Factors that affect/don’t affect a reaction reaching equilibrium -K is equilibrium constant for any reversible reaction -K c and K p are related to each other through K p = K c (RT)  ng -Coefficient Rule -Reciprocal Rule -Rule of Multiple Equilibria Understand -Equilibrium is based on when RATES of forward and reverse reactions are equal, not when concentrations of reactants and products are equal -The equilibrium constant K has its roots in the kinetics rate law constant k -The size of the equilibrium constant tells us which side (reactants or products) is favored in an equilibrium reaction -K may only be calculated with concentration or pressure values when the system is at EQUILIBRIUM -Solids and liquids are not used in equilibrium constant expressions Do -Write an equilibrium constant expression for a given reaction -Calculate K based on equilibrium concentrations -Apply the Coefficient Rule, the Reciprocal Rule, and the Rule of Multiple Equilibria to calculate a new K from a known K -Calculate K when given initial concentration or pressure values (ICE Chart)