1. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #1 8-Sep-15 Development Approach Task 1: Industrial Module –to be used by industry for their system simulation –Output: software (Matlab) + documentation Task 2+3: swarm mission simulation –Determination and evaluation of scientific benefit of different mission scenarios –Turnaround time: a few weeks (for a full constellation scenario) –Output: evaluation report (software cannot be used as “black-box”)

2. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #2 8-Sep-15 Study Logic and Distribution of Work --- Task 1 --- -------------------- Task 2+3 ------------------------------

3. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #3 8-Sep-15 Task 1: Industrial Module and Interfaces Documented Matlab routines Due date: June 15, 2003 Input: –time t (days after Jan 1, 2000, 00:00 UT) –position ( r, ,  ) –(Dst-index of magnetospheric activity is selected automatically for given time instant t, or applied manually by user) Output: magnetic field vector B –in geocentric components (B r, B , B  )

4. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #4 8-Sep-15 Design of Industrial Module Main field and linear secular variation for epoch 1999.0 (± 2 yrs) –same as for E2E mission simulation –11 year (one solar cycle) before planned launch of swarm –direct computation, up to degree/order n=29 High-degree crustal field –field contributions for degrees n=30-120 –3D interpolation from gridded values, as for E2E simulator Large-scale magnetospheric contributions –up to n=2 –direct computation –modulated by Dst-index AC component (50 Hz mode) –direct computation, from typical spectra –quiet/disturbed conditions –9 latitudinal bins (assuming day/night and North/South symmetry)

5. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #5 8-Sep-15 Timing issues: how long will it take to calculate the magnetic field vector for one orbit? 1 orbit:: 90 minutes –5400 samples (1 Hz) –270.000 samples (50 Hz) Module1 Hz mode50 Hz moderemarks Main field (MF) +SV+Dst 4.7 s51.7 s 50 Hz data interpolated from 1 Hz data Crustal field 1.4 s 9.9 s 2.3 s 10.9 s coarse grid (37 MB) fine grid (274 MB) AC componentN/A about 300 s not yet optimised (factor 10+) (these numbers are estimates)

6. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #6 8-Sep-15 Outline of Task 2+3 Approaches Forward modules (WPs 2xxx) –orbit generator –magnetic field generator –Output: synthetic data, 1 min sampling rate, containing the various source contributions (available at anonymous ftp.dsri.dk/swarm/E2E/ ) ftp.dsri.dk/swarm/E2E/ Payload interface + calibration (WPs 3xxx) Inversion (WPs 4xxx) –Comprehensive approach: simultaneous estimation of all relevent contributons –Core field and secular variation (2 approaches) –Lithospheric field (2 approaches) –Ionospheric field (2 approaches) –Magnetospheric field –Induction (estimation of mantle conductivity) –Contributions from Ocean flow

7. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #7 8-Sep-15 On the 1 min sampling rate used in Task 2+3 This sampling rate is typically used for field modeling –(and even 1 min is probably too dense when using data from single satellites, due to unmodeled correlated ”noise” of external origin!) The Comprehensive Model used for the E2E forward routine delivers a low-pass-filtered signal –crustal field: a few minutes cutoff: 450 km altitude / (8 km s -1 ) ≈ 1 min –external field: 1 hr cutoff Real data will contain signals (of external sources) at much higher frequency –are considered by the 50 Hz sampling rate of swarm High sampling rate is necessary for calibration issues … –for instance to check timing of the various instruments... and will be considered in WP 2100

8. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #8 8-Sep-15 Evaluation of the Constellations in Turns of their Scientific Return sourceweightcriteria core dynamics30% ms deviation of B lithospheric field30% ms deviation of B 3D induction20% ms deviation of  or of transfer functions ocean circulation10% ms deviation of B for main tidal constituents Ability of the various methods constellations constellation phases to recover the original models of the various sources, measured for instance by the L 2 -norm. Different weights for the various source contributions.

9. Kick off meeting, swarm E2E study, nio #9 8-Sep-15 Scientific Study: Separation of Earth-internal and ionospheric/magnetospheric contributions using magnetic and electric observations Need for a self-consistent description of the magnetic effect due to ionospheric, magnetospheric and coupling (field-aligned) currents and the electric field at satellite altitudes Combination of electric currents and fields from –a global MHD model (of magnetosphere, with coupling to ionosphere) at polar latitudes (Michael Hesse et al., GSFC) –a GCM of the thermosphere/ionosphere at non-polar latitudes (Art Richmond + Astrid Maute, NCAR/Boulder)