1. By Bohlooli S, PhD School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences

2.  Nitroimidazole antiprotozoal drug  Potent antibacterial activity against anaerobes  Well absorbed after oral administration  Widely distributed in all tissues including brain and CSF  Metabolized in the liver  Treatment of anaerobic or mixed intra-abdominal infections, vaginitis, brain abscess  Adverse effects:  Nausea, diarrhea, stomatitis, and peripheral neuropathy  Disulfiram-like effect

3.  Produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens  Rapidly inactivated after absorption  Available as an ointment for topical application  Mupirocin is active against gram-positive cocci:  including methicillin-susceptible  methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus  Inhibits staphylococcal isoleucyl tRNA synthetase  High level Resistance:  Presence of a second isoleucyl tRNA synthetase gene  Indicated for topical treatment of minor skin infections, such as impetigo

4.  Basic peptides active against gram-negative bacteria  Act like cationic detergents  Attach to and disrupt bacterial cell membranes  Restricted to topical use  Ointments containing polymyxin B, 0.5 mg/g, in mixtures with bacitracin or neomycin

5.  Bacteriostatic and bactericidal for many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria  P aeruginosa and strains of proteus are resistant  Nitrofurantoin is well absorbed after ingestion  Excreted into the urine by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion  Contraindicated in significant renal insufficiency  Application limited to lower urinary tract infections  It is desirable to keep urinary pH below 5.5  Advrese effects  Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and hypersensitivity reactions  Antagonizes the action of nalidixic acid

6.  Methenamine Mandelate  Methenamine Hippurate  Below pH 5.5, methenamine releases formaldehyde, which is antibacterial  Acidifying agents like ascorbic acid hasten the activity  Excreted unchanged in the urine  Bactericidal for some gram-negative bacteria  Sulfonamides should not be given concurrently

8. HS, highly susceptible; S, susceptible; MS, moderately susceptible; R, resistant; V, variable;..., no data.