1. Arctic RS-485 / RS-422

2. RS- 485 Also known as RS-485 Half Duplex, RS-485 2-wire same pair is used to transmit and receive data only one device can transmit on the bus simultaneously because the bus is shared in theory there could be multiple masters and also slaves could speak with each other but typically used on ”single master – multiple slaves” setup communicating with request-reply type of protocol MASTER SLAVE + - REQUEST REPLY A B

3. RS- 422 Also known as RS-485 Full Duplex, RS-485 4-wire separate pairs for transmit and reception only one device can command the bus, slaves can’t speak with each other device can transmit and receive simultaneously (full duplex) typically used on ”single master – multiple slaves” setup REQUEST MASTER + - TXRXSLAVE + - TXRX SLAVE + - TXRX REPLY

4. Voltages RS-485 and RS-422 use differential (balanced) signalling providing good noise immunity Generally non-inverting line is called positive, +, A or Y Generally inverting line is called negative,-,B or Z If voltage between A-B (Vdiff) is >200mV receiver detects state ”1” and if A-B is below -200mV receiver detects state ”0” Usually transmitters drive >1,5V for state ”1” and <-1.5V for state ”0” leaving good margin to 200 mV trigger level A B Vdiff = A-B

5. Loading Each device causes capacitive and resistive load to bus If the load is too big the minimum ”200 mV” signal difference may not be reached or the signal waveform becomes too disturbed to detect the start bit Also termination and biasing loads the bus Also the length of the cable and serial speed affects the performance Because the implementation between devices vary a lot (e.g. some has internal termination) the only sure way is to measure the differential waveform (at both ends of the bus) with oscilloscope Note that the RS-485 has both ”transmit” and ”receive” phases, both have to exceed the 200 mV limit

6. Grounding Allthrough data transmission is balanced grounding may be required if the distance between devices is long and/or they don’t othervise share the common ground The most common reason for RS-485/422 circuit damages is the excessive potential difference between the devices When separate grounding is required use 100R resistor to connect each remote device to common ground wire. The resistor should be rated for at least 0.5 Watts. MASTER SLAVE + - A B GND

7. Termination Usually short lines do not require termination Usually small data rates (<115200 bps) do not require termination The purpose of the termination is to cancel/attenuate the reflections on the bus  the value of termination resistor should match the characteristic impedance (Z 0 ) of the cable Typically twisted-pair type of cables have Z 0 100-120  (e.g. CAT-5 has 100  ) Termination is most effective on the receiving end Note that the termination causes plenty of load to the bus, increases idle state power consumption and should be used only when required ”AC termination” does not increase idle state power consumption but is not as effective as pure resistive termination

8. Termination placement MASTER + - TXRXSLAVE + - TXRX SLAVE + - TXRX MASTER SLAVE + - RS-485 RS-422

9. Arctic Termination Arctic internal termination is ”AC termination” The termination is available between RS2 pins 2 and 8 (RS-422 receive pins) when DIP switch 4 is ”ON” If termination is required on RS-485 (2-wire) mode pins 2-7 and 3-8 must be connected manually 120R 10 nF PIN 2 PIN 8 DIP 4

10. Biasing When the tranmitters are not active the line may float causing e.g. detection of false start bits The purpose of biasing is to tie the bus to known state when idle Most modern RS-422/485 receivers have internal ”fail- safe” biasing However if termination is used the internal ”fail-safe” biasing may not be enough and external biasing is required Placement of biasing is not that sensitive as termination > 200 mV when idle A B

11. Arctic Biasing Arctic biasing uses 3.3V voltage and 560R resistors The biasing is available between RS2 pins 2 and 8 (RS-422 RX pins) when DIP switchs 1 and 3 are ”ON” If biasing is required on RS-485 (2-wire) mode pins 2- 7 and 3-8 must be connected manually 3V3 PIN 8 560R PIN 2 DIP 1 DIP 3

12. Arctic DIP Switches and RS2 pinout DIP switches control the operation of RS2 RS2 pinout (standard male DB-9) RS2 in RS-422/485 mode

13. Arctic RS- 485 howto Set DIP switches 1 and 2 ”ON” which causes RS2 to be on RS-485 (Half-Duplex) mode If biasing is required set DIP switch 3 to ”ON” and manually connect Arctic RS2 pins 2-7 and 3-8 together If termination is required set DIP switch 4 to ”ON” and manually connect Arctic RS2 pins 2-7 and 3-8 together Connect Arctic pin 7 (TXD/RXD+) to other device non-inverting pin (usually marked positive,TXD/RXD+,+,A or Y) Connect Arctic pin 3 (TXD/RXD-) to other device inverting pin (usually marked negative,TXD/RXD-,-,B or Z) Connect Arctic pin 5 (GND) to common ground wire (with 100R resistor in series if the distanse is long and devices do not othervise share common ground) NOTE! When using RS-422/RS-485 Arctic RS2 handshaking must be set to ”none” in application configuration 7 3 2 8 ARCTICDEVICE + / A / Y - / B / Z

14. Arctic RS- 422 howto Set DIP switch 1 ”ON” and DIP switch 2 ”OFF” which causes RS2 to be on RS-422 (Full-Duplex) mode If biasing is required set DIP switch 3 to ”ON” If termination is required set DIP switch 4 to ”ON” Connect Arctic pin 7 (TXD+, output) to other device non-inverting receiver pin (input, usually marked RX+) Connect Arctic pin 3 (TXD-,output) to other device inverting receiver pin (input, usually marked RX-) Connect Arctic pin 2 (RXD+, input) to other device non-inverting transmitter pin (output, usually marked TX+) Connect Arctic pin 8 (RXD-,input) to other device inverting transmitter pin (output, usually marked TX-) Connect Arctic pin 5 (GND) to common GND wire (with 100R resistor in series if the distanse is long and devices do not share common ground) NOTE! When using RS-422/RS-485 Arctic RS2 handshaking must be set to ”none” in application configuration 3 2 7 8 ARCTICDEVICE RX+ RX- TX+ TX- TRANSMITTER RECEIVER