1. DO NOW!! 
What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
Why do plants need sunlight?
What gases are exchanged between plants and animals?

2. Overview Of Photosynthesis

3. Objectives
To be able to list the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis.
To be able to identify the structures in a chloroplast.
To be able to summarize light- dependent reactions.

4. Photosynthesis Process of converting light energy to chemical energy!!
Used by autotrophs to produce food
All of our energy starts as light energy!
Plants use sunlight to make food animals eat plants other animals eat those animals

5. Photosynthetic Organisms
Go through Photosynthesis to produce GLUCOSE…
Autotrophs
“Producers” in the food web
Consist of plants, protists, cyanobacteria

6. Photosynthesis: The Chemical Equation

7. Overview of Phases 1) Light dependent
Light energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. (also produces oxygen as byproduct!)
2) Light independent (Calvin Cycle)
CO2 ATP and NADPH (from light dependent) are used to make glucose.
*Glucose is the basic building block for more complex sugars such as starch.*

8. Do Now!!  What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
What are the inputs and outputs of each phase?
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

9. Objectives To go over the steps of light dependent reactions
To understand the inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions
To label a light reactions diagram

10. Phase Overview
Glucose

11. The Chloroplast

12. Structures within a chloroplast
Thylakoids:
flattened sac-like membranes arranged in stacks (stacks are called grana).
Light-dependent reactions take place here.
Electron transport occurs in the thylakoid membrane
Stroma:
Fluid filled space outside the grana.
Light-independent reactions take place here.

13. Do Now!!  What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Where do light dependent reactions take place? Independent?
What are the inputs of light dependent reactions? The outputs?

14. Objectives To go over the steps of light dependent reactions
To understand the inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions
To label a light reactions diagram

15. Diagram! Please grab 6 different colors!!
Lets label our light dependent reactions diagram.

16. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 1: Light energy reaches photosytem II, exciting electrons and causing water molecule to split.
- H+ is released, stays in thylakoid space.
- O2 is given off as a byproduct.
- Electron released into electron transport system

17. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 2: Excited electrons move from photosystem II through the membrane
As they move, protons (H+) are pumped into thylakoid space

18. Light Dependent Reaction
Step 3: At photosystem I, electrons are re-energized and transferred to ferrodoxin (helper protein):
NADPH (energy storage molecule) is formed from NADP+ (we need this for the Calvin Cycle!)

19. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 5: Hydrogen ions move through the ATP Synthase because of the concentration gradient, creating ATP from ADP. (Chemiosmosis)

20. Do Now!!  What goes into a light dependent reaction?
What is the goal of a light dependent reaction?
What is given off as a byproduct?
What is the name of the protein that converts NADP+ to NADPH?

21. Objectives To review light dependent reactions
To introduce light independent reactions by completing a Calvin Cycle activity

22. Think-pair-share Please work on the worksheet in front of you!
Try it by yourself, then you may work with a partner.

23. Light Dependent Reactions

24. Do Now!! 
Please take out the light dependent worksheet from yesterday!

25. Objectives To identify the stages of light independent reactions
To identify alternative pathways
To define C4 and CAM plants

26. The Calvin Cycle Takes place in the STROMA
Uses NADPH and ATP from Phase I (light dependent reactions)
Needs CO2!!!
Produces GLUCOSE!!

27. Calvin Cycle Functions like a sugar factory within a chloroplast
Regenerates the starting material with each turn
Calvin Cycle

28. Calvin Cycle
Inputs
ATP
NADPH
CO2
Outputs
Glucose

29. Calvin Cycle

30. Chemiosmosis
Mechanism in which ATP is produced as a result from the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient.
Ex: Light reactions (H+ ions and ATP synthase)

31. Alternative Pathways
Light and Water can limit the amount of photosynthesis a plant can perform.
Some plants develop alternate pathways to maximize energy conservation.
Ex: CAM and C4 plants.

32. C4 Plants These plants minimize water lost
Turn CO2 into a 4 carbon molecule instead of a 3 carbon molecule
Keeps stomata (plant cell pores) closed during hot days
Ex. Corn and Sugar Cane

33. CAM Plants
Occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts and other arid environments
Stomata ALWAYS closed during the day
CO2 only enters leaves at night, turns into a “storage molecule” until daytime
Ex. Orchids, cacti, pineapples

34. Do Now!!  (P. 2 & P.6) How does our body make energy?
What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
What do you think the outputs of cellular respiration are?

35. Objectives (Period 1 & 2)
To compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration
To identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration
To define NADH and FADH2
To complete a cellular respiration exercise lab!

36. Objectives (Period 6)
To compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration
To identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration
To define NADH and FADH2

37. So, what is cellular respiration?

38. How does cellular respiration compare to photosynthesis?
Cell Respiration
CO2 + H2O + light
O2 + C6H12O6
CO2 + H2O + ATP
CO2 + H2O + Light 
O2 + C6H12O6 
Inputs
Outputs
Chemical Formula

39. All cells require energy to do work
Aerobic = NEEDS OXYGEN!!
In aerobic respiration we use oxygen to help release the energy stored in bonds.
Anaerobic = does NOT require oxygen

40. NADH and FADH2 FADH2 (Riboflavin) FADH2 FAD + 2 H+ + 2e- B2 Vitamin
Accepts 2 electrons
NADH (Niacin)
NADH NAD+ + H e-
B3 Vitamin
*These are electron carriers!

41. Do now!!  What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
Why are NADH and FADH2 important?
What is the overall goal of cellular respiration?

42. Objectives To discuss glycolysis and its importance
To identify the inputs and outputs of glycolysis
To complete a cellular respiration POGIL activity

43. Let’s try some sample math problems before we begin
Spongebob is selling Krabby patties. He paid 2 dollars per Krabby patty and is selling each at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Spongebob making if he sells 1 Krabby patty?
10 Krabby patties?

44. Steps of Cellular Respiration
Step 1: Glycolysis (anaerobic, cytoplasm)
Step 2: Krebs Cycle (aerobic, mitochondrial matrix)
Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (aerobic, mitochondrial membrane)

46. Lets color code
Please take out your diagrams and grab 2 colored pencils!

47. Glycolysis

48. Glycolysis (continued)
4. 4 molecules of ADP are used to make 4 ATP, and G3P compounds are converted into 2 molecules of Pyruvate.
5. The net total being 2 ATP molecules
hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ch apter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.ht ml

49. Do Now!! 
If there was a net gain of 28 ATP in glycolysis, how many glucose molecules were consumed?
If 18 NADH are produced, how many ATP are gained? How many glucose molecules are consumed?
How does ATP supply energy for our cells?

50. Do Now!!  (P. 2)
If there was a net gain of 14 ATP in glycolysis, how many glucose molecules were consumed?
If 24 ATP are produced, how many NADH are gained? How many glucose molecules are consumed?
List the steps of cellular respiration and identify where they take place.

51. Objectives (P.2) To discuss the Kreb’s cycle and its importance
To identify the inputs and outputs of the Kreb’s cycle

52. Objectives (P.1 & P.6) To discuss the Kreb’s cycle and its importance
To identify the inputs and outputs of the Kreb’s cycle
To complete cellular respiration POGIL activity

53. The Kreb’s Cycle
Please take out your diagrams and grab 2 colors!

54. The Kreb’s Cycle
Pyruvate first reacts with coenzyme A (CoA), forms acetyl CoA. CO2 is released and NAD+ converts to NADH.
Acetyl CoA combines with 4 carbon compound, forms 6 carbon citric acid.

55. The Kreb’s Cycle (continued)
Citric acid broken down, releasing CO2 and forming ATP, NADH and FADH2
4 carbon compound regenerated, cycle continues
Total ATP produced: 2 (cycles twice, once for each pyruvate!)

56. Do Now!  (P. 1) Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
Why are there 2 total ATP produced instead of 1?
What happens to the NADH and FADH2 produced?
If 6 FADH2 are produced in the Kreb’s cycle, how many glucose molecules did you start with?
chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html

57. Do Now!!  (P. 2) Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
What happens to the NADH and FADH2 produced?
If 32 FADH2 are produced in the Kreb’s cycle, how many glucose molecules did you start with?
r25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html

58. Objectives (P.2)
To identify the inputs and outputs of the electron transport chain.
To complete a cellular respiration POGIL activity

59. Electron Transport Chain
Please take out your diagrams and grab 2 colors!!

60. Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2 release electrons, converted into NAD+ and FAD (H+ released into the mitochondrial matrix).
H+ ions are pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane as electrons move along membrane (with the help of proteins).

61. Electron Transport Chain (continued)
3. Oxygen is final electron acceptor (protons and electrons combine with oxygen to form water).
4. H+ ions then diffuse back into matrix through ATP synthase (chemiosmosis), producing 32 ATP.
Total ATP produced for one molecule of glucose =
32 ATP molecules

62. Do Now!!  (P. 1) Where does the electron transport chain take place?
How many ATP are produced?
How many total molecules of ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose?
ent_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_syst em_and_atp_synthesis__quiz_1_.html

63. Objectives To define anaerobic respiration.
To compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

64. Stand up! Move your arms up and down for one minute!
Do not stop until the time is up!
What is happening in your arms?

65. Anaerobic Respiration
Making ATP without oxygen (fermentation)
Problems:
Only 2 net ATP per glucose molecule
Limited amount of NAD+
Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus
Used to make beer, wine, and bread

66. 2 Main Types of Fermentation
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvate from glycolysis converted to lactic acid
Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated with heavy exercise
If too much lactic acid builds up, your muscles feel sore and may give out

67. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Inputs:
Glucose, 2ADP
Outputs:
2ATP, 2 lactic acid
Ex:
Bacteria that help in making yogurt, cheese and sour cream.
Human muscle cells when out of oxygen.

68. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Physical conditioning allows your body to adapt to increased activity:
The body can increase its ability to deliver oxygen to muscles
Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint to exceed their aerobic capacity

69. 2 Main Types of Fermentation
2. Alcohol Fermentation
In yeast and some bacteria
Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
Ex: yeast used for baking bread and making wine/beer
ch?v=i1w09QKf9GU

70. Alcohol Fermentation Inputs: Glucose, 2ADP Outputs:
2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2
NAD+ gets regenerated

71. Why don’t you get drunk off bread?
Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to you and discuss this question.

72. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Cytoplasm
Lactic acid or CO2/ethanol

73. Do Now!!  What happens when we don’t get enough oxygen?
What does our body do?