2. Organic / Biochemistry Chemistry of Life! Biology Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds in Cells!

4. Subatomic parts PROTONS – Positive charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. NEUTRONS – neutral charge (no charge) particles found in the nucleus. ELECTRONS – Negative charged particles found outside the nucleus of the atom. –These determine which elements interact with each other!

5. ELEMENTS Pure substance made of the same type atoms. Periodic Table of the Elements – over 100 “pure” substances found in the universe Hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron.

7. BONDS Ionic Bonds – When two ions are attracted by opposite charges (they either DONATE or TAKE an electron)….. Ex Salt Sodium ion Na+ -----Chlorine ions Cl- NaCl

8. Bonds Cont. Covalent Bonds – When electrons are shared between atoms (These are called COMPOUNDS!) Compounds are 2 different atoms that are bonded together Ex –Sugar/Glucose – Molecular compound C 6 H 12 O 6

9. Bonds Cont. Hydrogen Bonds: “Opposites Attract” (positives and negatives)

10. COMPOUNDS / MIXTURES COMPOUNDS – 2 or more different elements bonded together. MIXTURE –Two or more substances NOT bonded together. SOLUTION – A mixture of two or more substances evenly distributed throughout.

11. POLAR MOLECULES A molecule that has a positive / negative side. Ex – water » H H » O Thus ions and other polar molecules dissolve easily in water and non-polar molecules like oils float on the surface.

12. ACIDS AND BASES ACID – A solution with many hydrogen ions …PH 0-6 BASE – A solution with many hydroxide ions ….. PH 8-14

13. 2- Divisions within Chemistry 1. Organic Chemistry - The study of the chemical reactions involving the carbon atom! Ex - plastics, petroleum, synthetics 2. Inorganic Chemistry- non - carbon chemical reactions…. Ex- Salts, metals

14. Why is the Carbon Atom so reactive?? Carbon has an atomic number of 6….. –6-protons –6-neutrons –6-electrons –2 electrons in the first energy level and 4 in the outer energy level! –Thus it can bond with up to 4 other atoms! Carbon can bond with itself into long chains or into ring

15. Hydrocarbons…..H~C Methane - CH 4…………. Ethane - C 2 H 6…………. Propane - C 3 H 8……….. Butane - C 4 H 10…….. Octane - C 8 H 18…….. Long chains of hydrocarbons provide fuel for our bar-b-ques, lighters, automobiles, and trucks, as well as many are found in living substances!!

16. Biochemistry The carbon compounds relating to life…….. Many carbon chains fold back upon itself to form flexible rings! The arrangement of these rings can encourage various types of bonding!

17. Functional Groups found in Biological Compounds-. Methyl-(CH3)… found in fats oils, waxes. Hydroxyl- (-OH)…sugars and alcohol.Carboxyl- ( HOC=O)..sugars, fats, amino acids Amino- (-NH2)…Amino acids and proteins Phosphate- (-PO4)…phospholipids, DNA,RNA

18. 4 - Molecules of Life!! 1. Carbohydrates- sugars and starches! 2. Lipids- fats, oils and waxes! 3. Proteins - meat, poultry, eggs, soy 4. Nucleic Acids- building blocks for DNA-”your genes!!”

19. CARBOHYDRATES- “the watered carbons” Composed of C, H, and O…..with a 2:1 ratio of H to O! 3-types of Carbohydrates 1.Monosaccharides –These are the buildimg blocks for larger carbohydrates! Formula C6H12O6 Ex-glucose, fructose, galactose

20. Carbohydrates continued……. 2. Disaccharides –A short chain of a few monosaccarides bonded together !! –Formula: C 12 H 22 O 11 –Only two bonded together makes up a disaccharide! –Ex: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

21. Carbohydrates….cont…... 3. Polysaccharides- –Many “monos” bonded together forming a very long chain! –Ex- starch, cellulose, and glycogen

22. Condensation / Hydrolysis Condensation - When two molecules bond together releasing one molecule of water during the process! C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 ------------->C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O Hydrolysis - When a long chain of molecules are broken apart requiring water to separate ! C 18 H 32 O 16 + 2H 2 O --------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6

23. PROTEINS …….. The most diverse biological molecule of life! - –Examples - muscles, feathers, cartilage, enzymes, steroids, hormones. The basic structural unit of protein is the Amino Acid! These are bonded by condensation forming long chains of polypeptides! ( proteins)

24. How are proteins structurally different?? There are 20 different common amino acids needed for good health! The Basic structure of the Amino Acid is: H – Amino Carboxyl – Group C Group – – R- Group

25. LIPIDS……. LIPIDS- serve as the main reservoir of stored energy! Also a major component of cell membranes! The basic Building Block of a lipid is the “Fatty Acid”- usually a nonpolar molecule!

26. Fatty Acid Structure A Fatty Acid molecule is a long chain of --- -CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3 Attached to the front end is a CARBOXYL H-O | C=O | H-C-H ( beginning of fatty acid chain)

27. Lipids cont………. Saturated fats - Long chain of fatty acids with only single bonds! Unsaturated fats- long chains of fatty acids with a few double bonds on the hydrocarbon chain! Polyunsaturated fats- Many double bonds on the hydrocarbon chain!

28. Neutral Fats - TRIGLYCERIDES Butter, lard and oils are examples ! Three fatty acid chains bonded to a GLYCEROL molecule! H – H - C - OH + fatty acid chain » H »** Just under the skin, adipose tissue stores lipids for energy and insulation!

29. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Two fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol and a phosphate group! This causes the molecule to have a polar head and two non-polar tails! This is the main component of the cell membrane!!!!

30. O H O O -P-O ---- C - OH - HO-C - CH2- CH2- CH3 – O O – H - C - OH - HO-C - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3 – – H - C - OH - – – H

31. NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids! Two important nucleic acids are DNA – 2 strands twisted together RNA – 1 strand of nucleotides

32. DNA and RNA These two molecules are essential for survival! DNA forms into genes and chromosomes directing the entire chemistry of the cell! RNA produced from DNA directs the making of proteins within the cell!

33. ATP…. ATP - adenosine phosphate is the main energy transfer molecule within the cell!

34. Nucleotide structure NH2 C HC N HC C=O N O HO-P-O-CH2 C O C C C C OH H ….el fin….