1. Latest impacts of observational (radio) astronomy Hiroshi Imai Department of Physics and Astronomy Graduate School of Science and Engineering Introducing “Nature” and “Science” papers Latest impacts of radio astronomy (HI’s favorites) stars: classification, formation, and evolution extra-planets interstellar medium the Milky Way Galaxy cosmology

2. “Nature” and “Science” journals Which kind of result has a deep impact published in these papers in astronomy? amazing and/or important topic to researchers and the public – unexpected discovery – solving long-standing (debating) issue Type of impacts – finding new phenomenon, classification – developing new technique – implication to new possibility

3. “Nature” and “Science” journals What is currently hot topics in (radio) astronomy? New type of radio sources (e.g. fast radio bursts) Newly found phase of star formation and stellar evolution Newly discovered gas dynamics New characteristics of a black hole, a high-envergy object, and interstellar medium Innovative research technique Deeper exploration of early universe Note: not all important works were published in these major journals.

4. Galactic and extragalactic astronomy Targets with known and unknown distances Nearest targets in the universe and others Individual stars and unresolved star clusters Present (red shift z~0) and past universe M31 D=800 kpc Unresolved star clusters LMC D=50 kpc resolved into individual stars

5. Gas fragmentation Dendrogram identification of hierarchical structures of gas clumps Visualization of the process of gas clump fragmentation Lower limit to self-gravitating clumps of 0.2 pc Goodman et al. 2009

6. Gas inflow through a gap of a proto- planetary disk ALMA Cycle-0 CO emission: disk rotation Inner HCO + : gas inflow (7×10 -8 M sun yr -1 ) HD152527 (Cassassus et al., 2013, Nature, 493, 191)

7. Mass infall onto a massive young stellar object identification of a ~20 M sun young stellar object outflow, rotation, and infall (Betran et al. 2006)

8. Contraction for massive star formation Gas toroid mass ~87 M sun Magneto-hydrodynamically super-critical contraction (Girat et al. 2009)

9. A large coronal loop in Argol Peterson et al., 2010, Nature, 463, 207 High-precision astrometry to trace stars’ positions

10. A large coronal loop in Argol Peterson et al., 2010, Nature, 463, 207 First direct radio imaging of a coronal loop except the Sun Giant “dynamo” created by rapidly rotating binary stars

11. Spiral pattern of mass-loss flow ALMA CO J=3  2 emission observation toward R Sculptoris (Maercker et al. 2012, Nature, 490, 232) Spiral pattern created by binary stars Unexpectedly large stellar mass loss during a thermal pulse (for 200 years, 1800 years ago)

12. Sgr A*: the nearest super-massive blackhole Gilessen et al. 2009; Ghez et al. 2008 Mass density: 10 8 M sun pc -3 Movement of the apoastron Distance to the Galactic center: R 0 =8.33±0.35 kpc ◎

13. Sgr A* spatially resolved? 1AU in size at λ=3.5 mm Shen et al. 2005 “Event horizon scale” resolved at λ=1.3 mm? Doeleman et al. (2008) 3.5 mm uniform weighting super-resolution 1.3 mm visibility plot

14. G2 clouds: passing periastron of Sgr A* in 2014? See ESO movie Gillessen et al. 2012 See also http://www.eso.org/public/videos/

15. Rotation measure for PSR J1745-2900 (0.12 pc from Sgr A*) Eatough et al., 2013, Nature, 501, 391 Strong magnetic field nearby Sgr A*

16. B~2.6 mG at r~0.12 pc  Enough magnetic flux accreted onto the event horizon to explain electro- magnetic emission flux from BH at Sgr A* Eatough et al., 2013, Nature, 501, 391

17. Giant magnetized outflows from the center of the Milky Way Magnetic energy transfer (10 47 J) from the star formation sites (within 200 pc from the Galactic center) to the Galactic halo Carretti et al. 2013, Nature, 493, 66 (VLA+WMAP)

18. Exact position of a super massive black hole Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI and Y.Y. Kovarev, MPIfR and ASC Lebedev

19. “Core shift” technique Optical thickness dependent on radio frequency Very close to a high- frequency radio core Wide opening angle of the jet in M87 Hada et al. 2011, Nature, 477, 185

20. Nature Breaking News on 17 March 2014 B-mode in cosmic microwave background sub-millimeter polarimetric measurement

21. B-mode in cosmic microwave background Nature Breaking News on 17 March 2014 Using South Pole Telescope

22. Fundamental constants dependent on location? Lab. and VLA measurements (Truppe et al. 2013, Nature, open access) Fine structure constant α Electron-proton mass ratio Δμ/μ

23. Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) New type of transient radio sources milli-second radio flares (FRB110220, 110627, 110703, 120127) Extremely large dispersion measures Likely located at cosmological distance (z>0.5) S ν D~10 12 Jy kpc 2 E~10 32 J Thornton et al. 2013, Science, 341, 53

24. Enjoy astronomical discoveries with understanding backgrounds and implications!

25. Report Describe which kind of “virtual” scientific theme is expected to appear in the major journals such as “Nature” and “Science”. Also show why you consider so by describing the following points. 1.Current background 2.Imagined new results 3.Implication of the results