1. TRADITIONS Apartheid of the Heart: Beyond the fractured legacy TRADITIONS Apartheid of the Heart: Beyond the fractured legacy Umesh Bawa Department of Psychology University of the Western Cape South Africa

2. Traditional Gifts The Colonial Gift of enslavement The Colonial Gift of enslavement History repeats itself History repeats itself The Tradition of Patriarchy The Tradition of Patriarchy Psyches under siege Psyches under siege Beyond the Bequeathed Legacy Beyond the Bequeathed Legacy Apartheid of the Heart Apartheid of the Heart New fractures New fractures

3. The Colonial Gift of Enslavement Structured and ordered system of regulated relationships Structured and ordered system of regulated relationships Manichean world of compartmentalised opposites Manichean world of compartmentalised opposites The Master and Slave Dialectic The Master and Slave Dialectic The Tradition of Servitude The Tradition of Servitude - intergenerational transmission of oppression - values of intergenerational acquiescence History repeats itself History repeats itself –Neo-colonial puppetry –Repeated patterns of social and gendered relationships

4. The Tradition of Patriarchy and Male Violence Evidence of violence against women and children Evidence of violence against women and children The tradition of patriarchy and male dominance The tradition of patriarchy and male dominance The tradition of irresponsiblity-be a man, take responsibility The tradition of irresponsiblity-be a man, take responsibility Fathers to sons- on being a man Fathers to sons- on being a man The complicity of mothers The complicity of mothers –Failing to encourage accountability –The culture of gang violence

5. Apartheid of the Heart Confront the internalised and externalised mechanisms of oppression Confront the internalised and externalised mechanisms of oppression The tradition of revenge The tradition of revenge The tradition of entitlement The tradition of entitlement Rx: Preventive and intensive intervention for individuals, families and communities at risk Rx: Preventive and intensive intervention for individuals, families and communities at risk –Parenting support, drug and alcohol interventions, violence prevention

6. Beyond the bequeathed legacy All men are not created equal All men are not created equal ? Why are all men not perpertrators ? Why are all men not perpertrators Risk factors (Dawes et al.) Risk factors (Dawes et al.) –Unsupported single female parents –context of long term poverty –Substance abuse and violence –Isolated parents –Neglected children Protective factors Protective factors –Early good family relationship –Education and an ideology of hope Services needed at early intervention Services needed at early intervention

7. New Fractures Psyches under siege Psyches under siege The culture of impunity The culture of impunity The internalised oppressor The internalised oppressor The Tradition of Reconciliation and Forced Forgiveness The Tradition of Reconciliation and Forced Forgiveness The tradition of Revenge The tradition of Revenge The Culture of Entitlement The Culture of Entitlement

8. If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favour freedom, but depreciate agitation; are men who want crops without ploughing the soil. They want the ocean without the angry roar of its many angry waters. If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favour freedom, but depreciate agitation; are men who want crops without ploughing the soil. They want the ocean without the angry roar of its many angry waters. Frederick Douglas Frederick Douglas