2. Biodiversity, Succession and Resources Evolutionary processes have resulted in a DIVERSITY of organisms and a diversity of roles in ecosystems. http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=BIODIVERSI TY+VIDEO&FORM=VIRE2&adlt=strict#view=detail &mid=85A62B4A0ADCF60678A185A62B4A0ADCF 60678A1

3. BIODIVERSITY Degree to which species VARY within an ecosystemDegree to which species VARY within an ecosystem Ask yourself?Ask yourself? Which of these ecosysytems has more biodiversity?Which of these ecosysytems has more biodiversity?

4. Increased biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem. Increased biodiversity increases the chance that at least some living things will survive in the face of large changes in the environment.

5. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY SO IMPORTANT? The Back-up plan:The Back-up plan: “Backup” organisms - if one species dies due to disease, there is another one to fill the niche“Backup” organisms - if one species dies due to disease, there is another one to fill the niche Maintains stable ecosystem:Maintains stable ecosystem: If lots of organism, every niche can be filled! Therefore, stable ecosystem!If lots of organism, every niche can be filled! Therefore, stable ecosystem! Benefits Humans!:Benefits Humans!: Ensures a variety of genetic materialEnsures a variety of genetic material Vast rainforests may hold cures, medicines and other useful resources!Vast rainforests may hold cures, medicines and other useful resources!

6. Video on Threats to Biodiversity – 26 min

7. HOW DO HUMANS REDUCE BIODIVERSITY? 1.DEFORESTATION: Destruction of forests IMPACT: Forces many orgs to find new homes EXTINCTIf cannot adapt, will become EXTINCT 2.OVER HUNTING: When bounties offered for a certain species, it can become over hunted EX: LION IMPACT: With such a drastic drop, will affect populations of other animals EX: DEER POP’N ROSE B/C NO LIONS; DEER OVERGRAZED AND STARVED THEMSELVES

8. HOW DO HUMANS REDUCE BIODIVERSITY? 3.CLEARING LAND FOR FARMING AND SPACE: Replacing a diverse ecosystem with one or two crops  IMPACT: Taking away resources for ourselves and other species 4.DIRECT HARVESTING: Taking species out of natural habitat for our benefit (wanting unusual pets or plants) IMPACT: We are reducing the # of those species in their natural habitat

9. HOW DO HUMANS REDUCE BIODIVERSITY? 5.IMPORTED SPECIES : When a species is imported and released into a new environment IMPACT: New species may adapt well and drive out existing species EX: Rabbits in Australia IMPACT: New species often become pests because they have NO NATURAL PREDATORS EX: Zebra mussels in NY waterways

10. Zebra mussel ecological & economic damage ~2 months  reduces diversity  loss of food & nesting sites for animals  economic damage  reduces diversity  loss of food & nesting sites for animals  economic damage

11. What is Ecological Succession? A series of changes by which one habitat naturally changes into anotherA series of changes by which one habitat naturally changes into another PROCESS:PROCESS: Starts with simple habitat w/ little diversityStarts with simple habitat w/ little diversity CLIMAX COMMUNITY:CLIMAX COMMUNITY: A stable diverse habitat (ex. Forest)A stable diverse habitat (ex. Forest) Will be reached if climate remains stable over a number of yearsWill be reached if climate remains stable over a number of years

12. When does Succession occur? 1.When environment becomes suitable for another community: Grasses grow in shallow soil, but add nutrients as they live and die Soil then becomes suitable for shrubs Shrubs shade out the grasses and take over Over time, shrubs will be shaded out by trees 2.When natural disasters occur that alter stable ecosystems Fires, overgrazing, etc……. Altered ecosystems will need many successions to recover

13. Stage 1: Bare Bedrock Bare Bedrock

14. Stage 2: Lichens grow Bare Bedrock With Lichens

15. Stage 3: Mosses grow Bare Bedrock With Lichens Bedrock With Mosses

16. Stage 4: Grasses grow Bare Bedrock With Lichens Bedrock With Mosses Grasses

17. Stage 5: Shrubs and small trees Bare Bedrock With Lichens Bedrock With Mosses Grasses Trees And Shrubs

18. Stage 6: Climax Forest (100 – 200 years without disturbance) Bare Bedrock With Lichens Bedrock With Mosses Grasses Trees And Shrubs Climax Forest

19. Succession can also happen in a lake! Lake Habitat Erosion causes buildup of Organic debris in lake Lake fills in becoming shallower and eventually becomes a swamp Filling in continues and eventually a climax forest results

20. Friday, June 6, 11:34:32 AM View the process of ecological succession as it occurs in coastal lowlands by clicking on the image below

21. What resources can we use over and over again? 1. RENEWABLE RESOURCES Can be replaced naturallyCan be replaced naturally Still need to be used carefullyStill need to be used carefully EX: Fish are renewable but over harvesting and damaging environment can inhibit renewalEX: Fish are renewable but over harvesting and damaging environment can inhibit renewal Can you name some renewable resources?Can you name some renewable resources? Water, food, solar energy, fruits/vegs, Wood, BambooWater, food, solar energy, fruits/vegs, Wood, Bamboo

22. What resources do we use that cannot be replaced? 2. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES Decisions we make today affect what our future will haveDecisions we make today affect what our future will have Most things we use are being depleted due to industrialization and technologyMost things we use are being depleted due to industrialization and technology Can you list some nonrenewable resources?Can you list some nonrenewable resources? Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), mineralsFossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), minerals PRESERVATION = The 3 R’sPRESERVATION = The 3 R’sREDUCEREUSE RECYCLE – Brain Pop Video (3:32) RECYCLE – Brain Pop Video (3:32)Brain Pop VideoBrain Pop Video

23. What Can You Do? Drive less. Take bikes, walk or carpool whenever possible. Buy recycled paper products and recycle as much of your waste as possible. Bring your own reusable canvas grocery bags when grocery shopping. Plant a tree. Don't let heat escape from your house over a long period. Replace a regular incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb.

24. Homework: Complete Regent’s Questions from Part 3 of packet #’s 46-59.

25. Friday, June 6, 11:34:32 AM RB WS Part 3 answers 40) Pesticide killed the bees & other insects that pollinate the flowers. Without pollination of the flowers, no berries will form. 41) 42) As biodiversity is lost, so are the organisms needed as a source of medicines to treat/cure diseases 43) If the disease effects the plants, the crop will be lost because all of the plants are genetically alike. If they were diverse, some of the crop would survive. 44) 2 45) 1 46)1 47) 4 48) 1 49) field then slowly go through a succession of changes to a forest over several hundreds of years.. In fifty years, the area may only be a shrub or early stage tree. 50) 1 51) The soil got deeper and drier as the lake receded and was able to support the growth of the trees which would provide too much shade for the grass to grow.

26. 52) 2 53) 4 54) 3 55) 4 56) as more soil accumulated, plants with deeper root systems could live there and shade the other plants -or – Ecological succession 57) Cutting the forest –or – clearing the land for crops – or – a forest fire – or - pollution 58) Soil depth will increase & trees will be present –or- soil will change in composition and so will the plant species 59) 3

27. Practice test Answers – pages 116-120 1)4 2)3 3)4 4)4 5)3 6)3 7)4 8)1 9)2 10) 2 11) 1 12) 1 13) 1 14) 4 15) 1 16) 4 17) 1 18) 1 19) 2 20) carp 21) The sewage increased from 1950-1970, and during that time the whitefish, trout, and walleye declined/disappeared. This lowered the biodiversity of the lake. 22 -23) Graph 24) 2 25) If the predators were not hunted so much, the deer pop. Would’ve remained under control and there wouldn’t have been a mass starvation. 26) 4 27) 1 28) Grasses – grasshopper- spiders-birds 29) 2 30) 3 31) 1