1. کارگاه انتقال دانش دانشگاه علوم پزشکي تهران دوازده آبان ماه هشتاد و نه TUMS-KURC

2. Definition of KTE, Push, Pull and Exchange efforts, Introducing frame work of the workshop. TUMS-KURC

3. Research is consistently producing new findings that may contribute to effective and efficient care, The findings of such research will not change population outcomes unless health services and health care professionals adopt them in practice. Grimshaw, Ward, Eccles. Oxford Handbook of Public Health. TUMS-KURC

4. The rationale for KT: 1. Creation of new knowledge often does not, by itself, lead to its widespread adoption or impact health 2. Increased emphasis on research governance and accountability even for the public TUMS-KURC

7. Type of activityObjectiveProcess DiffusionAwarenessPassive DisseminationAwareness + Attitude change Active ImplementationAttitude change + Behavior change Active+++ Lomas (1993) TUMS-KURC

8. McNeil, Pauker, Sox, & Tversky (1982) in Redelmeier et al (1993) SURGERY (/100) 90 survive surgery 68 alive after 1 year 34 alive after 5 years RADIATION THERAPY (/100) 100 survive therapy 77 alive after 1 year 22 alive after 5 years LUNG CANCER TREATMENTS SURGERY OR RADIATION THERAPY? Patients 84% Physicians 78% SURGERY (/100) 10 die during surgery 32 dead after 1 year 66 dead after 5 years RADIATION THERAPY (/100) 0 die during therapy, 23 dead after 1 year, 78 dead after 5 years Patients 50% Physicians 60% TUMS-KURC

9. Subjective value Reference point GainsLosses Prospect theory value function Reference dependence Loss aversion Framing Prospect Theory Curve TUMS-KURC

10. The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, Vol. 26 No. 1, Winter 2006 DOI: 10.1002/chp. TUMS-KURC

12. The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, Vol. 26 No. 1, Winter 2006 DOI: 10.1002/chp. TUMS-KURC

13. Data: Raw facts Information: Organized data Knowledge: Meaningful information J Knowledge Management 2001;5:68-75. TUMS-KURC

14. A linear process through which research is first conceptualized and conducted, and the results are then handed over to the end-users. TUMS-KURC

15. The unidirectional nature of knowledge transfer has been criticized and recent studies have demonstrated that such strategies “have not proven to be effective in encouraging the adoption and implementation of new research results TUMS-KURC

16. “The exchange, synthesis and ethically-sound application of research findings within a complex set of interactions among researchers and knowledge users. In other words, knowledge translation can be seen as an acceleration of the knowledge cycle; an acceleration of the natural transformation of knowledge into use.” TUMS-KURC

17. “the human forces behind knowledge transfer…it helps build relationships and networks for sharing existing research and ideas and stimulating new work.” Knowledge brokering supports evidence- based decision-making by encouraging the connections that ease knowledge transfer. TUMS-KURC

18. Definition of KTE, Push, Pull and Exchange efforts, Introducing frame work of the workshop. TUMS-KURC

19. Policy Makers Politicians Board Members Managers Institutional CEOs Program Managers Service Professionals Physicians Nurses Decision Makers Solutions Problems Researchers Mission Oriented In-house Employees Management Consultants Applied Research Institutes Insulated Academics Discovery Driven TUMS-KURC

20. Policy Makers Managers Service Professionals Decision Makers Solutions Problems Researchers Mission Oriented Discovery Driven Research Funders Applications Commercial R&D Grant Agencies Self-funding Discovery Issues and Priorities Service Delivery Problems Dx, Tx, Px Incentives Researchable Questions TUMS-KURC

21. Policy Makers Managers Service Professionals Decision Makers Solutions Problems Researchers Mission Oriented Discovery Driven Research Funders Applications Discovery Issues and Priorities Service Delivery Problems Dx, Tx, Px Incentives Researchable Questions Knowledge Purveyors Stories Facts Ideas Best Practice Evidences Anecdotes Interests Wants Values Myths Interventions TUMS-KURC

22. Policy Makers Managers Service Professionals Decision Makers Solutions Problems Researchers Mission Oriented Discovery Driven Research Funders Applications Discovery Issues and Priorities Service Delivery Problems Dx, Tx, Px Incentives Researchable Questions Knowledge Purveyors Stories Public Relations Media Think Tank Conferences Journals Books Facts Ideas Best Practice Evidences Personal Experiences Anecdotes Interests Wants Values Myths Assumptions Interventions TUMS-KURC

23. Find and link people Work with both parties to scan the literature, summarize what exists, identify gaps Work with researchers and users of research to create research-able questions from policy/management issues Ensure that both researchers and users of research are engaged throughout the research process TUMS-KURC

24. Collaboratively set agendas Facilitate interactions Communicate different ‘realities’ Create a common language and frame of reference Help to establish realistic expectations, roles and responsibilities TUMS-KURC

25. Understanding of both the research and decision making environments Ability to find and assess relevant research Entrepreneurial skills (networking, problem- solving skills, innovative solutions, etc) Mediation and negotiation Understanding of the principles of adult learning Communication skills Credibility… TUMS-KURC

26. Brokering can be done in a variety of settings Knowledge brokering organizations Individuals or teams in research organizations Individuals or teams in decision-making organizations TUMS-KURC

27. Policy Makers Managers Service Professionals Decision Makers Solutions Problems Researchers Mission Oriented Discovery Driven Research Funders Applications Discovery Issues and Priorities Service Delivery Problems Dx, Tx, Px Incentives Researchable Questions Knowledge Purveyors Stories Public Relations Media Think Tank Conferences Journals Books Facts Ideas Best Practice Evidences Personal Experiences Anecdotes Interests Wants Values Myths Assumptions Interventions TUMS-KURC

28. Definition of KTE, Push, Pull and Exchange efforts, Introducing frame work of the workshop. TUMS-KURC

29. Lavis, J; Roberston, D.; Woodside, J.; McLeod, C.B.; Abelson; J. (2003). « How Can Research Organizations More Effectively Transfer Research Knowledge to Decision-Makers »; The Milbank Quarterly, 81 (2) : 221-248. TUMS-KURC

30. Three areas of push, pull, and exchange Push = dissemination Pull = research use Exchange = brokering TUMS-KURC

31. 1. Message (WHAT?) 2. Target Audience (WHO?) 3. Messenger (BY WHOM?) 4. Knowledge transfer process and support system (HOW?) 5. Evaluation (with what EFFECT should it be transferred?) TUMS-KURC

32. 1. Message (WHAT?) – Actionable messages are preferable to single research reports or the results of single studies. “Research on managerial and policy decision making has taught us that research in the form of ‘ideas’, not ‘data’, most influences decision-making”. TUMS-KURC

33. Information: Organized data Knowledge: Meaningful information J Knowledge Management 2001;5:68-75. TUMS-KURC

34. Monitor Knowledge Use Sustain Knowledge Use Evaluate Outcomes Adapt Knowledge to Local Context Assess Barriers/facilitators to Knowledge Use Select, Tailor, Implement Interventions Identify Problem Identify, Review, Select Knowledge Products/Tools Synthesis Knowledge Inquiry Tailoring Knowledge KNOWLEDGE CREATION

35. TUMS-KURC

36. 2. Target Audience (WHO?) – The types of decisions being made and the types of decision- making environment at hand need to be considered (organizational and political factors cannot be neglected). When selecting a target audience, one should consider who will be able to act on the basis of the research, which can influence those who act, and with which audience can the most success be expected. TUMS-KURC

37. 3. Messenger (BY WHOM?) – The key here is credibility. 4. Knowledge transfer process and support system (HOW?) – Passive processes are widely recognized as ineffective, and interactive engagement is preferred. Two-way exchanges can, in the long term, produce beneficial cultural shifts. World Health Organisation. 2004. World Report on Knowledge for Better Health: Strengthening Health Systems. TUMS-KURC

38. 5. Evaluation (with what EFFECT should it be transferred?) – Judgments about the success of an initiative depend on the objective: are we looking for a change in behavior. An increase in awareness. Introduction of the issue into a debate. World Health Organisation. 2004. World Report on Knowledge for Better Health: Strengthening Health Systems. TUMS-KURC

39. Definition of KTE, Push, Pull and Exchange efforts, Introducing frame work of the workshop. TUMS-KURC

40. 1. Message (WHAT?) 2. Target Audience (WHO?) 3. Messenger (BY WHOM?) 4. Knowledge transfer process and support system (HOW?) 5. Evaluation (with what EFFECT should it be transferred?) Lavis, J; et al. (2003). « How Can Research Organizations More Effectively Transfer Research Knowledge to Decision-Makers »; The Milbank Quarterly, 81 (2) : 221-248. TUMS-KURC

41. انتقال دانش مسئوليت کيست؟ آيا ما هم واسطه دانش لازم داريم؟ چه علومي براي انتقال دانش مورد نياز هستند؟ آيا نتيجه هر مطالعه انجام شده را مي بايست انتقال داد؟ TUMS-KURC

42. Willing is not enough; we must do.” - Goethe TUMS-KURC