1. www.atilf.fr/perso/buchi What are etymological (and etymographical) units made of: vocables or lexemes? Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute for Linguistics Budapest, January 27 2015 Éva Buchi (ATILF/CNRS & Université de Lorraine)

2. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 2 Metalexicological and metalexicographical topic Theoretical in its essence, but poses practical problems to practitioners of historical lexicology and lexicography ATILF lab (Nancy, France) Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman (DÉRom) European Master in Lexicography

3. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 3 Etymological dictionary ‘ DICTIONARY in which are traced back to their earliest appropriate forms and meanings’ (Hartmann & James, Dictionary of lexicography, 1998) words Lacks technical rigour  ambiguous Threefold terminology established within the theoretical framework of Meaning-text theory (Mel’čuk 2012: 1: 21-44)

4. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 4 MTT provides a threefold terminology  Wordform ‘segmental linguistic sign that is autonomous and minimal, i.e., that is not made up of other wordforms’  Lexeme ‘set of wordforms, and phrases, that are all inflectional variants’  Vocable ‘set of lexical units –lexemes or idioms– whose signifiers are identical, whose signifieds display a significant intersection, and whose syntactics are sufficiently similar’ TABLE1 TABLE table 1 SINGULAR ~ tables 1 PLURAL TABLE2 ‘arrangement of data’ TABLE3 ‘surface of a stone’

5. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 5 Schematic representation table 2 ‘arrangement of data in rows and colums’ SINGULAR tables 2 ‘arrangements of data in rows and colums’ PLURAL table 3 ‘upper flat surface of a cut precious stone’ SINGULAR tables 3 ‘upper flat surfaces of a cut precious stone’ PLURAL table 1 ‘article of furniture consisting of a flat top and legs’ SINGULAR tables 1 ‘articles of furniture consisting of a flat top and legs’ PLURAL Wordforms Vocable TABLE Lexeme TABLE 1 Lexeme TABLE 2 Lexeme TABLE 3

6. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 6 Etymological dictionaries ‘ DICTIONARY in which are traced back to their earliest appropriate forms and meanings’ (Hartmann & James, Dictionary of lexicography, 1998) words Vocables? Current practice in etymological dictionaries? Wordforms?Lexemes? No indication in theoretical work

7. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 7 The problem only presents itself with polysemous vocables Example: Spanish ESCAPARATE m.n. ESCAPARATE 1 m.n. ‘glass-door cabinet used for displaying delicate things’ ESCAPARATE 2 m.n. ‘shop window used for displaying samples of what is sold in the shop’

8. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 8 Corominas, Breve dicc. etimológico de la lengua castellana, 1973 3 Borrowing from Old Dutch schaprade n. ‘closet (in particular kitchen cupboard)’

9. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 9 Corominas’s approach is in accordance with Untermann’s “For me, etymology is defined as: establishing and describing the process which produces a new sequence of phonemes and assigns a meaning to it, using given vocabulary and given grammatical means, in order to meet a requirement which emerges” (Krisch 2010: 317, quoting Untermann 1975: 105)  Derivatives and compounds merit an etymology  Semantic evolutions do not This choice in favour of the vocable is quite common Counterexamples?

10. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 10 Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 2002 24 1) ‘Cue’; 2) ‘headword’; 3) ‘keyword’; 4) ‘hurtful remark’ Vocable! Homonyms! 4)

11. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 11 TLF (Trésor de la langue française, ATILF 1971-1994) s.v. agio AGIO 1 ‘excess value of one currency over another’ AGIO 2 ‘bank fees (interest, commission, exchange)’ AGIO 3 ‘dishonest speculation (stock exchange)’ Etymology: “Empr[unt] à l’ital[ien] aggio” “Borrowing from Italian aggio” Vocable!

12. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 12 Etymology of AGIO revised in the context of TLF-Étym TLF-Étym = Steinfeld, Nadine (dir.) (2005–): Trésor de la Langue Française Étymologique (TLF-Étym). Nancy: ATILF: http://www.atilf.fr/tlf-etym Selective revision of the etymologies contained in the TLFi (Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé) Entry agio compiled by Franz Rainer, professor at Vienna University of Economics and Business

13. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 13 First attestations AGIO 1 ‘excess value of one currency over another’ (1679) AGIO 2 ‘bank fees (interest, commission, exchange)’ (1723) AGIO 3 ‘dishonest speculation (stock exchange)’ (1727)

14. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 14 Italian AGGIO Cortelazzo/Zolli: Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana (1999 2 ): ø AGGIO ‘bank fees’ (Italian SPESE DI COMMISSIONE ) ø AGGIO ‘dishonest speculation’ (Italian SPECULAZIONE DISONESTA ) [ AGGIO 2 ‘discount on the amount of a tax granted to a state employee’ (1892)] AGGIO 1 ‘excess value of one currency over another’ (1498)  AGIO 1  AGIO 2  AGIO 3

15. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 15 Rainer 2011 in TLF-Étym AGIO 1 ‘excess value of one currency over another’ 1679 AGIO 2 ‘bank fees (interest, commission, exchange)’ 1723 AGIO 3 ‘dishonest speculation (stock exchange) ’ 1727 Borrowing from Italian AGGIO 1 ‘excess value of one currency over another’ 1498 Internal creation: semantic evolution from French AGIO 1 (common denominator: ‘commission’) Internal creation: semantic evolution from French AGIO 2 (common denominator: ‘profit’) Three etymologies!

16. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 16 AGIO 3 coined in the aftermath of the Law affair James Law (1671-1729) Scottish economist, Controller General of Finances of France Became a millionaire by issuing huge amounts of share certificates of his Mississipi Company to the French These shares were ultimately rendered worthless, and initially inflated speculation about their worth led to a chaotic economic collapse in France in the 1720 Coining of AGIO 3 ‘dishonest speculation’ strongly linked to a French economic context

17. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 17 What are etymological units made of: vocables or lexemes? Dictionaries are made up of vocables like Spanish ESCAPARATE, German STICHWORT 1 and STICHWORT 2, and French AGIO But Spanish ESCAPARATE 2 ‘shop window’ cannot be considered a Dutch borrowing, and French AGIO 3 ‘dishonest speculation’ cannot be considered an Italian borrowing These lexemes deserve to be individually etymologized (as internal creations)

18. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 18 For this reason I advocate a contrario that individual lexemes, not whole vocables, are best hypostatized as etymological (and etymographical) units This seems quite obvious: etymologies which put the different lexemes of a vocable to the centre of their attention are better etymologies Then why did the discipline of etymology have to wait for 2015 for this finding to be put forward?

19. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 19 The answer lies in the terminology we use Ultimately, in our conceptualization of the units which constitue the lexicon of a language Only “words” = linguistic signs = sets of signifiers, signifieds, and syntactic properties may and should be etymologized If ESCAPARATE 2 ‘shop window’ = “meaning” of the “word” ESCAPARATE, there is no need for etymologizing it If ESCAPARATE 2 ‘shop window’ = lexeme = set of signifier, signified, and syntactic properties Then the stage is set for the lexeme becoming the etymological (and etymographical) unit

20. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 20 Case study: Engl. HARMONICA and related nouns OED 3 (2000-): HARMONICA1 ‘musical instrument (invented by B. Franklin) consisting of a series of rotating glass bowls of differing sizes played by touching the dampened edges with a finger, glass harmonica’ (since 1762) HARMONICA2 ‘small rectangular wind instrument with free reeds recessed in air slots from which tones are sounded by exhaling and inhaling, mouth organ’ (since ?) HARMONICA3 ‘component of a pipe organ that admits pressurized air to a set of organ pipes, organ stop’ (since 1852)

21. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 21 Etymology OED 3 : Etymology: feminine of Latin harmonicus harmonic adj. and n., used subst. First testimony: 1762 B. Franklin Let. 13 July in Exper. & Observ. Electr. (1769) 433 In honor of your musical language, I have borrowed from it the name of this instrument, calling it the Armonica Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat

22. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 22 Identity of the addressee = important lead Father Beccarià from Turin Borrowing from Italian armonico adj. ‘having a pleasing combination of notes, harmonious’ Written form harmonica from 1777 on: written Latinization (= a form of adaptation: this does not make it a borrowing from Latin) HARMONICA1 ‘glass harmonica’ (since 1762): borrowing from Italian (with instant and subsequent adaptations)

23. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 23 German H ARMONIKA DFWB 2 (1995-): H ARMONIKA1 ‘glass harmonica’ (since 1772 [Harmonica]): borrowing from English HARMONICA1 H ARMONIKA2 ‘small rectangular wind instrument with free reeds recessed in air slots from which tones are sounded by exhaling and inhaling, mouth organ’ (since 1830 [Mund-Harmonika; Harmonika since 1880]) H ARMONIKA3 ‘portable keyboard wind instrument in which the wind is forced past free reeds by means of a hand-operated bellows, accordion’ (since 1844)

24. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 24 No etymologies are provided for H ARMONIKA2/3 Extralinguistic (historical) knowledge: the accordion was invented in 1829 by Cyrill Demian in Vienna, who patented it H ARMONIKA3 ‘accordion’ (since 1844) Internal German creation (semantic innovation) H ARMONICA2 ‘mouth organ’ (since 1830 [Mund- Harmonika ; Harmonika since 1880])  Seems to be an internal creation as well (semantic intersection: /wind instrument/)  The compound Mund-Harmonika seems to indiate it was coined on HARMONIKA3

25. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 25 Back to English HARMONICA2 ‘mouth organ’ (since ?) Probably borrowing from German This hypothesis should be tested by analyzing the first written testimonies of the lexeme (which the OED3 does not provide) If HARMONICA1 ‘glass harmonica’ was still in use when HARMONICA2 ‘mouth organ’ appeared (which seems to be the case), rather than a borrowing, it should be considered a loan meaning

26. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 26 Hungarian HARMONIKA EWU (1993-1997): borrowing from German HARMONIKA1 ‘glass harmonica’ (from 1810 [Harmonikát]) HARMONIKA2 ‘mouth organ’ (since 1845 [Hármonika]) HARMONIKA3 ‘accordion’ (since 1881) Three independent borrowings (or rather a borrowing and two loan meanings)!

27. Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française 27 To conclude Engl. HARMONICA1 ‘glass harmonica’ (1762) < It. Borrowing from Italian Engl. HARMONICA3 ‘organ stop’ (1852): internal creation Germ. H ARMONIKA1 ‘glass harmonica’ (1772) < Engl. Germ. H ARMONIKA2 ‘mouth organ’ (1830): internal creation Germ. H ARMONIKA3 ‘accordion’ (1844): internal creation Hung. HARMONIKA1 ‘glass harmonica’ (1810) < Germ. Hung. HARMONIKA2 ‘mouth organ’ (1845) < Germ. Hung. HARMONIKA3 ‘accordion’ (1881) < Germ. Borrowing from English Borrowing from German Engl. HARMONICA2 ‘mouth organ’ (?) < Germ. (?)