1. Chapter Two The Preamble to the Constitution

2. “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” 2 | 2

3. ARISTOTLE

4. Define the Following Terms: 1.Power 2.Politics 3.Legitimacy 4.Authority 5.Nation 2 | 4

5. POLITICS is the process by which groups make decisions. Although the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics is observed in all human group interactions.

6. POWER The ability of one person to get another person to do act in accordance with the first person’s wishes and intentions.

7. NATION A self-identifying group of people who share something in common (history, language, culture, religion)

8. LEGITIMACY acceptance by the citizens that their state has the right to pass and enforce rules.

9. AUTHORITY The exclusive right to exercise supreme political power over a group of people or geographic region.

10. GOVERNMENT is the organization that has the accepted authority to make laws, adjudicate disputes, and to issue administrative decisions, and that has a monopoly of authorized force to enforce its decisions.

11. 2 | 11 PURPOSES OF GOVERNMENT Maintain order Provide public services Regulate the economy

12. 2 | 12 TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Autocracy –Dictatorship –Monarchy Oligarchy –Aristocracy Republic Democracy

13. 2 | 13 TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Unitary –Complete control from the center Federal –Shared power between the center and the local regions Confederal –Complete control by the local regions

14. 2 | 14 TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Parliamentary –No separation of powers between executive, legislative, and judicial Presidential –Separation of powers

15. 2 | 15 The Colonial Mind 1776 Colonists were focused on traditional liberties of BRITISH CITIZENS: The right to bring legal cases before independent judges The right to not have to quarter troops in their homes The right to trade without burdensome restrictions The right to pay no taxes which they had not had direct representation in establishing They came to see independence as necessary because they had lost confidence in the British Government

16. 2 | 16 The Magna Carta 1215 Forced on King John by nobles: The right of Habeas Corpus No seizure of property without compensation The creation of a Great Council (Parliament)

17. 2 | 17 The Bill of Rights 1689 Forced on King James II by nobles: Free speech Free elections without interference No taxation without representation Freedom to bear arms (for Protestants) No quartering of troops in private homes No punishment without trial by jury No cruel and unusual punishment

18. Foundation of American Rights RightsSources of Rights Magna Carta (1215)English Bill of Rights (1689) Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) Bill of Rights (1791) Trial by Jury XXX Due Process XXX Private Property XX No unreasonable searches and seizures XX No cruel punishment XXX No excessive bail or fines XX Right to bear arms XX Right to petition XX Freedom of Speech XX Freedom of Press XX Freedom of religion XX

19. 2 | 19 The Colonial Mind 1776 Believed that men seek power because they are ambitious, greedy and easily corrupted. Believed in a higher law embodying inalienable natural rights: –Life –Liberty –Property

20. 2 | 20 Political Philosophy 1588-1776 Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan, 1651 John Locke – Two Treatises on Government, 1689 Charles Montesquieu – The Spirit of the Laws, 1748 Jean Jacques Rousseau – The Social Contract, 1763 Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations, 1776

21. 2 | 21 Individuals have right to life, liberty, and property But life is ‘nasty, brutish, and short’; violent anarchy Social Contract between Ruler and Ruled Citizens Trade liberty and property for security Leviathan creates order in exchange for obedience Thomas Hobbes Leviathan, 1651

22. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan 1651

23. 2 | 23 John Locke Two Treatises on Government, 1689 Inalienable right to life, liberty, property Social Contract is between citizens Governments instituted to protect individual rights Not just right, but obligation to rebel when government violates

24. John Locke Two Treatises on Government 1689

25. 2 | 25 Charles Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws, 1748 Republic is the best form of government Separation of powers –Legislative –Judicial –Executive Checks and balances

26. 2 | 26 Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract, 1763 Natural rights and Civil Rights Sovereignty –Delegated –Limited –Separated –Revocable General will General assembly

27. 2 | 27 Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Rational self-interest Natural liberty: freedom of choice Respect: Private property Responsibility: profit motive Laissez faire: government is generally unnecessary, but if it exists then it should be limited

28. 2 | 28 The Declaration of Independence 1776 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

29. 2 | 29 The Declaration of Independence 1776 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

30. 2 | 30 A war of ideology, or economics?

31. 2 | 31 The Real Revolution 1776 The “real” revolution was the radical change in belief about what made authority legitimate and liberties secure Government exists by consent of the governed, not by royal prerogative or divine right Political power exercised by direct grant of power from the people in a written constitution Human rights exists prior to government and government must respect those rights Legislative branch created as superior to executive branch because the legislature directly represents the people