1. TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT BOTH YOU AND YOUR WORLD

2. CONCERNING YOUR LIFE AND YOUR WORLD, WHAT DO YOU SEE?

3. TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT BOTH YOU AND YOUR WORLD CONCERNING YOUR LIFE AND YOUR WORLD, WHAT DO YOU SEE? THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND YOUR PLACE IN TODAY’S SOCIETY AND, MORE BROADLY, IN TOMORROW’S WORLD!

4. The Social Sciences: Piecing It All Together…

5. JUST AS HUMANS TODAY HAVE AN INTENSE DESIRE TO UNRAVEL THE MYSTERIES AROUND THEM, PEOPLE IN ANCIENT TIMES ALSO ATTEMPTED TO UNDERSTAND THEIR WORLD. THEIR EXPLANATIONS, HOWEVER, WERE NOT BASED ONLY ON OBSERVATIONS, BUT WERE ALSO MIXED WITH MAGIC AND SUPERSTITUTION.

6. UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES & OUR WORLD!

7. TO SATISFY THEIR BASIC CURIOSITIES ABOUT THE WORLD AROUND THEM, HUMANS GRADUALLY DEVELOPED SCIENCE, SYSTEMATIC METHODS USED TO STUDY THE SOCIAL & NATURAL WORLDS, AS WELL AS THE KNOWLEDGE OBTAINED BY THOSE METHODS.

8. UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES & OUR WORLD! TO SATISFY THEIR BASIC CURIOSITIES ABOUT THE WORLD AROUND THEM, HUMANS GRADUALLY DEVELOPED SCIENCE, SYSTEMATIC METHODS USED TO STUDY THE SOCIAL & NATURAL WORLDS, AS WELL AS THE KNOWLEDGE OBTAINED BY THOSE METHODS. SOCIOLOGY, THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SOCIETY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR, IS ONE OF THE SCIENCES THAT MODERN CIVILIZATION HAS DEVELOPED.

9. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

10. IN THE PURSUIT OF A MORE ADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE, THEY HAVE ALSO DEVELOPED FIELDS OF SCIENCE THAT FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL WORLD.

11. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE PURSUIT OF A MORE ADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE, THEY HAVE ALSO DEVELOPED FIELDS OF SCIENCE THAT FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL WORLD. THESE, THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, EXAMINE HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS.

12. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE PURSUIT OF A MORE ADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE, THEY HAVE ALSO DEVELOPED FIELDS OF SCIENCE THAT FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL WORLD. THESE, THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, EXAMINE HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS. JUST AS THE NATURAL SCIENCES ATTEMPT TO OBJECTIVELY UNDERSTAND THE WORLD OF NATURE, THE SOCIAL SCIENCES TRY TO OBJECTIVELY UNDERSTAND THE SOCIAL WORLD.

13. ANTHROPOLOGY

14. THE SISTER DISCIPLINE OF SOCIOLOGY

15. ANTHROPOLOGY THE SISTER DISCIPLINE OF SOCIOLOGY THE CHIEF CONCERN OF ANTHROPOLOGISTS IS TO UNDERSTAND CULTURE, A PEOPLE’S TOTAL WAY OF LIFE.

16. ANTHROPOLOGY (con’t.) CULTURE INCLUDES:

17. (1) THE GROUP’S ARTIFACTS, SUCH AS TOOLS, ART, AND WEAPONS

18. ANTHROPOLOGY (con’t.) CULTURE INCLUDES: (1) THE GROUP’S ARTIFACTS, SUCH AS TOOLS, ART, AND WEAPONS (2) THE GROUP’S STRUCTURE, THAT IS, THE PATTERNS (SUCH AS POSITIONS THAT REQUIRE RESPECT) THAT DETERMINE HOW ITS MEMBERS INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER

19. ANTHROPOLOGY (con’t.) CULTURE INCLUDES: (1) THE GROUP’S ARTIFACTS, SUCH AS TOOLS, ART, AND WEAPONS (2) THE GROUP’S STRUCTURE, THAT IS, THE PATTERNS (SUCH AS POSITIONS THAT REQUIRE RESPECT) THAT DETERMINE HOW ITS MEMBERS INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER (3) A GROUP’S IDEAS & VALUES, ESP. HOW ITS BELIEF SYSTEM AFFECTS PEOPLE’S LIVES; AND

20. ANTHROPOLOGY (con’t.) CULTURE INCLUDES: (1) THE GROUP’S ARTIFACTS, SUCH AS TOOLS, ART, AND WEAPONS (2) THE GROUP’S STRUCTURE, THAT IS, THE PATTERNS (SUCH AS POSITIONS THAT REQUIRE RESPECT) THAT DETERMINE HOW ITS MEMBERS INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER (3) A GROUP’S IDEAS & VALUES, ESP. HOW ITS BELIEF SYSTEM AFFECTS PEOPLE’S LIVES; AND (4) THE GROUP’S FORMS OF COMMUNICATION ESP. LANGUAGE

21. ANTHROPOLOGY

22. THE ANTHROPOLOGISTS’ TRADITIONAL FOCUS HAS BEEN ON TRIBAL PEOPLES.

23. ANTHROPOLOGY THE ANTHROPOLOGISTS’ TRADITIONAL FOCUS HAS BEEN ON TRIBAL PEOPLES. ANTHROPOLOGISTS WHO ARE STUDYING FOR THEIR DOCTORATE USUALLY LIVE WITH A GROUP. IN THEIR REPORTS, THEY PLACE SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE GROUP’S FAMILY (KIN) RELATIONSHIPS. AS THERE ARE NO “UNDISCOVERED” GROUPS LEFT IN THE WORLD, THIS FOCUS ON TRIBAL GROUPS IS GIVING WAY TO THE STUDY OF GROUPS IN INDUSTRIALIZED SETTINGS.

24. ECONOMICS

25. ECONOMISTS STUDY THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MATERIAL GOODS AND SERVICES OF A SOCIETY.

26. ECONOMICS ECONOMISTS STUDY THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MATERIAL GOODS AND SERVICES OF A SOCIETY. ECONOMISTS WANT TO KNOW WHAT GOODS ARE BEING PRODUCED AT WHAT RATE AND AT WHAT COST, AND HOW THOSE GOODS ARE DISTRIBUTED.

27. ECONOMICS ECONOMISTS STUDY THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MATERIAL GOODS AND SERVICES OF A SOCIETY. ECONOMISTS WANT TO KNOW WHAT GOODS ARE BEING PRODUCED AT WHAT RATE AND AT WHAT COST, AND HOW THOSE GOODS ARE DISTRIBUTED. ECONOMISTS ARE ALSO INTERESTED IN THE CHOICES THAT DETERMINE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION; FOR EXAMPLE WHY A SOCIETY PRODUCES A CERTAIN ITEM INSTEAD OF ANOTHER. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

28. ECONOMICS

29. 3 KEY QUESTIONS: KEY

30. ECONOMICS 3 KEY QUESTIONS: –WHAT? (IS PRODUCED)

31. ECONOMICS 3 KEY QUESTIONS: –WHAT? (IS PRODUCED) –HOW MUCH?

32. ECONOMICS 3 KEY QUESTIONS: –WHAT? (IS PRODUCED) –HOW MUCH? –FOR WHOM?

33. ECONOMICS 3 KEY QUESTIONS: –WHAT? (IS PRODUCED) –HOW MUCH? –FOR WHOM? KEY TERMS SCARCITY INTERDEPENDENCE TRADE-OFFS MACRO VS. MICRO $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

34. POLITICAL SCIENCE

35. FOCUSES ON POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT.

36. POLITICAL SCIENCE FOCUSES ON POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN THEMSELVES.

37. POLITICAL SCIENCE FOCUSES ON POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN THEMSELVES. THEY EXAMINE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT & HOW THESE FORMS ARE RELATED TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY.

38. POLITICAL SCIENCE FOCUSES ON POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN THEMSELVES. THEY EXAMINE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT & HOW THESE FORMS ARE RELATED TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ARE ESP. INTERESTED IN HOW PEOPLE ATTAIN RULING POSITIONS IN THEIR SOCIETY, HOW THEY MAINTAIN THOSE POSITIONS, & THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS FOR THOSE THEY GOVERN.

39. POLITICAL SCIENCE FOCUSES ON POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN THEMSELVES. THEY EXAMINE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT & HOW THESE FORMS ARE RELATED TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ARE ESP. INTERESTED IN HOW PEOPLE ATTAIN RULING POSITIONS IN THEIR SOCIETY, HOW THEY MAINTAIN THOSE POSITIONS, & THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS FOR THOSE THEY GOVERN. IN STUDYING A CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT, SUCH AS THAT OF THE UNITED STATES, POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ALSO ANALYZE VOTING BEHAVIOR.

40. POLITICAL SCIENCE FOCUSES ON POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN THEMSELVES. THEY EXAMINE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT & HOW THESE FORMS ARE RELATED TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ARE ESP. INTERESTED IN HOW PEOPLE ATTAIN RULING POSITIONS IN THEIR SOCIETY, HOW THEY MAINTAIN THOSE POSITIONS, & THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS FOR THOSE THEY GOVERN. IN STUDYING A CONSTUTIONAL GOVERNMENT, SUCH AS THAT OF THE UNITED STATES, POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ALSO ANALYZE VOTING BEHAVIOR. PICTURED BELOW: THE REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE IN IOWA, AUG. 5, 2007

41. PSYCHOLOGY

42. FOCUS IS ON PROCESSES THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL, WITHIN WHAT THEY CALL THE “SKIN BOUND ORGANISM.”

43. PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS IS ON PROCESSES THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL, WITHIN WHAT THEY CALL THE “SKIN BOUND ORGANISM.” PSYCHOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON MENTAL PROCESSES – WHAT OCCURS IN THE BRAIN OR THE MIND.

44. PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS IS ON PROCESSES THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL, WITHIN WHAT THEY CALL THE “SKIN BOUND ORGANISM.” PSYCHOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON MENTAL PROCESSES – WHAT OCCURS IN THE BRAIN OR THE MIND. EXAMINES INTELLIGENCE, EMOTIONS, PERCEPTION, MEMORY, EVEN DREAMS.

45. PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS IS ON PROCESSES THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL, WITHIN WHAT THEY CALL THE “SKIN BOUND ORGANISM.” PSYCHOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON MENTAL PROCESSES – WHAT OCCURS IN THE BRAIN OR THE MIND. EXAMINES INTELLIGENCE, EMOTIONS, PERCEPTION, MEMORY, EVEN DREAMS. SOME STUDY HOW PERSONALITY IS FORMED.

46. PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS IS ON PROCESSES THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL, WITHIN WHAT THEY CALL THE “SKIN BOUND ORGANISM.” PSYCHOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON MENTAL PROCESSES – WHAT OCCURS IN THE BRAIN OR THE MIND. EXAMINES INTELLIGENCE, EMOTIONS, PERCEPTION, MEMORY, EVEN DREAMS. SOME STUDY HOW PERSONALITY IS FORMED. OTHERS FOCUS ON MENTAL ABERRATIONS SUCH AS MENTAL ILLNESS.

47. PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS IS ON PROCESSES THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL, WITHIN WHAT THEY CALL THE “SKIN BOUND ORGANISM.” PSYCHOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON MENTAL PROCESSES – WHAT OCCURS IN THE BRAIN OR THE MIND. EXAMINES INTELLIGENCE, EMOTIONS, PERCEPTION, MEMORY, EVEN DREAMS. SOME STUDY HOW PERSONALITY IS FORMED. OTHERS FOCUS ON MENTAL ABERRATIONS SUCH AS MENTAL ILLNESS. SIGMUND FREUD, 1856 – 1939 Father of Psychoanalysis

48. PSYCHOLOGY MANY PSYCHOLOGISTS WORK AS COUNSELORS IN SCHOOL AND WORK SETTINGS, AND IN PRIVATE PRACTICE, WHERE THEY GIVE PERSONALITY TESTS, IQ TESTS, AND VOCATIONAL APTITUDE TESTS.

49. PSYCHOLOGY MANY PSYCHOLOGISTS WORK AS COUNSELORS IN SCHOOL AND WORK SETTINGS, AND IN PRIVATE PRACTICE, WHERE THEY GIVE PERSONALITY TESTS, IQ TESTS, AND VOCATIONAL APTITUDE TESTS. AS THERAPISTS, THEY FOCUS ON RESOLVING PERSONAL PROBLEMS, WHETHER THEY INVOLVE THE NEED TO RECOVER FROM TRAUMA, SUCH AS RAPE, OR TO FREE ONESELF FROM ADDICTION TO DRUGS, ALCOHOL, OR GAMBLING.

50. HISTORY

51. THE STUDY OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS THAT HAS AFFECTED A NATION OR INSTITUTION USUALLY INCLUDING AN EXPLANATION OF THEIR CAUSES. “TO UNDERSTAND THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE, WE MUST UNDERSTAND THE PAST.”

52. GEOGRAPHY

53. THE STUDY OF THE EARTH AND ITS FEATURES AND THE DISTRIBUTION ON THE EARTH OF LIFE, INCLUDING HUMAN LIFE AND THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY… –THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMANKIND AND THE ENVIRONMENT….

54. CRIMINOLOGY

55. THE STUDY OF CRIMINALS AND THE METHODS OF CORRECTING AND OR TREATING SUCH BEHAVIOR.

56. SOCIOLOGY

57. HAS MANY SIMILARITIES TO THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES.

58. SOCIOLOGY HAS MANY SIMILARITIES TO THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES. LIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN ONE ANOTHER, FOCUSING ESP. ON HOW GOV’T AFFECTS PEOPLE’S LIVES.

59. SOCIOLOGY HAS MANY SIMILARITIES TO THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES. LIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN ONE ANOTHER, FOCUSING ESP. ON HOW GOV’T AFFECTS PEOPLE’S LIVES. LIKE ECONOMISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS ARE CONCERNED WITH WHAT HAPPENS TO THE GOODS AND SERVICES OF A SOCIETY – BUT SOCIOLOGISTS PLACE THEIR FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

60. SOCIOLOGY HAS MANY SIMILARITIES TO THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES. LIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN ONE ANOTHER, FOCUSING ESP. ON HOW GOV’T AFFECTS PEOPLE’S LIVES. LIKE ECONOMISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS ARE CONCERNED WITH WHAT HAPPENS TO THE GOODS AND SERVICES OF A SOCIETY – BUT SOCIOLOGISTS PLACE THEIR FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. LIKE ANTHROPOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS ALSO STUDY CULTURE; THEY, TOO, HAVE AN INTEREST IN THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MATERIAL GOODS, GROUP STRUCTURE, AND BELIEF SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS IN HOW PEOPLE COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.

61. SOCIOLOGY HAS MANY SIMILARITIES TO THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES. LIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS STUDY HOW PEOPLE GOVERN ONE ANOTHER, FOCUSING ESP. ON HOW GOV’T AFFECTS PEOPLE’S LIVES. LIKE ECONOMISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS ARE CONCERNED WITH WHAT HAPPENS TO THE GOODS AND SERVICES OF A SOCIETY – BUT SOCIOLOGISTS PLACE THEIR FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. LIKE ANTHROPOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS ALSO STUDY CULTURE; THEY, TOO, HAVE AN INTEREST IN THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MATERIAL GOODS, GROUP STRUCTURE, AND BELIEF SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS IN HOW PEOPLE COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER. LIKE PSYCHOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS ARE ALSO CONCERNED WITH HOW PEOPLE ADJUST TO THE DIFFICULTIES OF LIFE.

62. GIVEN THESE OVERALL SIMILARITIES, THEN, WHAT DISTINGUISHES SOCIOLOGY FROM THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES?

63. UNLIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS & ECONOMISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS, DO NOT CONCENTRATE ON A SINGLE SOCIAL INSTITUTION.

64. GIVEN THESE OVERALL SIMILARITIES, THEN, WHAT DISTINGUISHES SOCIOLOGY FROM THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES? UNLIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS & ECONOMISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS, DO NOT CONCENTRATE ON A SINGLE SOCIAL INSTITUTION. UNLIKE ANTRHOPOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES.

65. GIVEN THESE OVERALL SIMILARITIES, THEN, WHAT DISTINGUISHES SOCIOLOGY FROM THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES? UNLIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS & ECONOMISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS, DO NOT CONCENTRATE ON A SINGLE SOCIAL INSTITUTION. UNLIKE ANTRHOPOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES. UNLIKE PSYCHOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS STRESS FACTORS EXTERNAL TO THE INDIVIDUAL TO DETERMINE WHAT INFLUENCES PEOPLE.

66. GIVEN THESE OVERALL SIMILARITIES, THEN, WHAT DISTINGUISHES SOCIOLOGY FROM THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES? UNLIKE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS & ECONOMISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS, DO NOT CONCENTRATE ON A SINGLE SOCIAL INSTITUTION. UNLIKE ANTRHOPOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES. UNLIKE PSYCHOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS STRESS FACTORS EXTERNAL TO THE INDIVIDUAL TO DETERMINE WHAT INFLUENCES PEOPLE. FOR ANOTHER LOOK AT SOCIOLOGY, SEE “An Updated Version of the Old Elephant Story” in your packet.

67. “An Updated Version of the Old Elephant Story” Turn in your packet to page 5. Now for the story… –Any volunteers to read?

68. WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO?

69. ???????????????????? DOES THIS MAKE SENSE? –WHAT’S THE POINT? ?????????????????????

70. YES! SOCIOLOGY LOOKS AT THE BIG PICTURE. A BROAD FOCUS

71. WHAT IF THESE “FIVE WISE MEN/ WOMEN CAME TO NORTHERN TO BETTER UNDERSTAND OUR STUDENT BODY, WHO SHOULD THEY MEET AND WHY? AP CLASSES ISS GREENHOUSE STUDENT COUNCIL FOOTBALL TEAM MAIN OFFICE CAFETERIA DURING LUNCH PERIODS: A CROSS SECTION

72. WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO?  THEY ASK 3 “ON TARGET” QUESTIONS WHICH TELL US MORE ABOUT SOCIETY & OURSELVES.

73. WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO?  THEY ASK 3 “ON TARGET” QUESTIONS WHICH TELL US MORE ABOUT SOCIETY & OURSELVES.  WHAT IS? This answer is usually descriptive in nature.

74. WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO?  THEY ASK 3 “ON TARGET” QUESTIONS WHICH TELL US MORE ABOUT SOCIETY & OURSELVES.  WHAT IS? This answer is usually descriptive in nature.  HOW ARE THINGS CONNECTED?

75. WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO?  THEY ASK 3 “ON TARGET” QUESTIONS WHICH TELL US MORE ABOUT SOCIETY & OURSELVES.  WHAT IS? This answer is usually descriptive in nature.  HOW ARE THINGS CONNECTED?  WHY ARE THEY CONNECTED IN THIS WAY? This question points to the fact that sociologists attempt to build reasoned theories that make sense out of our social world.

76. WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY? WHAT’S IN IT FOR YOU?

77. SOCIOLOGY: WHAT’S IN IT FOR YOU? SOCIOLOGY CAN BE HELPFUL IN EMPOWERING US TO UNDERSTAND TODAY’S WORLD, FOR A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE CAN PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO SOCIETY AND INTO THE LIVES OF ITS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS.