1. Families with Alcoholics & Drug Addicts

2. Who is affected   The U.S. National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) reports:   13% of children under age 18 live in a household where a parent or other adult uses illicit drugs   24% of children live in a household where a parent or other adult is a binge or heavy drinker   37% of children live in a household where a partner or other adult uses tobacco

3. Reasons~ Excuses for Substance Abuse Adults:   Recreation   Depression   Feel better/ relax   Low self esteem   Family or societal pressures   Loss of family/ job Adolescents:  Peer Pressure  Low self esteem  Poor social skills  Learning disabilities  Escape reality  Party

4. Who is affected (continued)  6.3 % of an estimated 14 million illicit drug users in 2000 were aged 12 yrs and older  More than 7 million youths age 12-20 reported binge in 12-20 reported binge drinking in2004

5. “Kids don’t read their parents’ lips they watch their parents’ actions” (Califano, 2005)

6. Health Risk Affects on Children of Substance Abusers Children of substance abuse parents are:   More likely to abuse drugs and alcohol themselves   Are at increased risk of accidents, injuries and academic failure   More likely to suffer conduct disorders, depression or anxiety,   Infants exposed to parents’ second-hand smoke are at greater risk of sudden infant syndrome (SIDS) and over time these children become at greater risk to cancer and heart disease.

7. Other Risk Factors of Substance Abuse in Families   High cost of substance purchase   Mortality   Disruption in employment   Lost earnings   Destruction of interpersonal & family relationships   Cost of criminal justice services not only to the individual & family but also to state & federal agencies

8. Findings on Female Substance Abuse   Historical denial of female use for yrs.   Number of female addicts escalating   Suffer greater medical, family and social consequences   Support networks consist mainly of female friends   More likely to be referred for treatment by a health plan’s medical or psychiatric provider   More likely than boys to have received mental health treatment

9. Findings on Male Substance Abuse   More research & data available   Suffer greater financial losses   Support network consists mainly of family members   Men benefit more from long term residential rehab than women   More likely to have been referred for treatment by the legal system

10. Genetics and Substance Abuse A genetic linkage for dependence on drugs such as heroin, morphine and oxycontin may have been identified by researchers at Yale School of Medicine. (Gelernter 2006) “There is evidence of linkage in family groups for symptom cluster traits.” (Gelernter 2006)

11. The Center for Alcohol Marketing & Youth, Califano, J. 2005. The national center on addiction & substance abuse; report finds kids of parents who use drugs prone to physical and mental illlness. Nursing Home & Elder Business Week, May 1, 2005, pg 111 Davis, M.; Jason, L. 2005. Sex differences in social support and self-efficacy within a recovery community. Journal of Community Psychology, Vol 36, Ns ¾ pg 259 Gandhi, D. ; 2006. Addiction medicine; involving peers and families in therapy improves treatment outcomes in heroin users. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, Vo 32, iss 2 pgs 177-188 Gelernter, J. 2006. Drub abuse; large family study pinpoints genetic link in drug addiction, Genomics & Genetics Weekly May 2006. pg 174 LItzke, C., Glazer, E. 2004. “Quality Time” serves families with a parent in recovery. Holistic Nursing Practice, March/April 2004 McLean, V. 2006. Drug addicts suffer in silence. USA TODAY, Jul 27, 2006; P. A11. www.usatoday.com Micheli, D.; Lucia, M.; Formigoni, O. 2004. Drug use by Brazilian students: associations with psychosocial health, demographic and behavioral characteristics. Society For the Study of Addiction, Vol. 99 pgs 570-578. Orford, J.; Natera, G.; Davies, J.; Nava,A.; Mora, J.; Rigby,K.; Bradbury, C.; Bowie, N.; Copello, A.; Velleman, R.; 1998. Tolerate, engage or withdraw: a study of the structure of families coping with alcohol and drug problems in South West England and Mexico City. Addiction; 93, 12 pg 1799 Citations The Center for Alcohol Marketing & Youth, http://camy.org/research/status0306/status0306execsum.pdf Califano, J. 2005. The national center on addiction & substance abuse; report finds kids of parents who use drugs prone to physical and mental illlness. Nursing Home & Elder Business Week, May 1, 2005, pg 111 Davis, M.; Jason, L. 2005. Sex differences in social support and self-efficacy within a recovery community. Journal of Community Psychology, Vol 36, Ns ¾ pg 259 Gandhi, D. ; 2006. Addiction medicine; involving peers and families in therapy improves treatment outcomes in heroin users. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, Vo 32, iss 2 pgs 177-188 Gelernter, J. 2006. Drub abuse; large family study pinpoints genetic link in drug addiction, Genomics & Genetics Weekly May 2006. pg 174 LItzke, C., Glazer, E. 2004. “Quality Time” serves families with a parent in recovery. Holistic Nursing Practice, March/April 2004 McLean, V. 2006. Drug addicts suffer in silence. USA TODAY, Jul 27, 2006; P. A11. www.usatoday.com Micheli, D.; Lucia, M.; Formigoni, O. 2004. Drug use by Brazilian students: associations with psychosocial health, demographic and behavioral characteristics. Society For the Study of Addiction, Vol. 99 pgs 570-578. Orford, J.; Natera, G.; Davies, J.; Nava,A.; Mora, J.; Rigby,K.; Bradbury, C.; Bowie, N.; Copello, A.; Velleman, R.; 1998. Tolerate, engage or withdraw: a study of the structure of families coping with alcohol and drug problems in South West England and Mexico City. Addiction; 93, 12 pg 1799www.usatoday.com

12. Orford, J. Templeton, L.; Velleman, R.; Copello, A.; 2005. Family members of relatives with alcohol, drug and gambling proglems: a set of standardized questionnaires for assessing stress, coping and strain. Society for Study of Addiction, Vol 100 pgs 1611-1624 Parvisy, S.; Nikbahki, A.; Tehrani, s.; Shahrokhi, S. 2005. Adolescents’ perspectives on addiction: qualitative study; Nursing & Health Sciences Vol 7 pgs 192-198 Sterling, S.; Weisner, C. 2006. Translating research findings into practice: example of treatment services for adolescents in managed care. Alcohol Research and Health, Vol. 29, Iss 1, pg 11, 8 pgs. Zhou, Q.; King, K.; Chassin, Laurie. 2006. The roles of familial alcoholism and adolescent family harmony in young adults’ substance dependence disorders: mediated and moderated relations Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 115, No.2, 320-321