1. XII. PROGRESSIVISM A. Primarily known for the reform groups from 1901 to WWI 1. some have long histories from before the Civil War a. Women's rights b. Temperance c. Civil Service reform is only a few decades old 2. response to growing industry and growing middle class a. had new techniques and tools i. statistical analysis & detailed scientific reports b. Muckrakers i. primarily male journalists who exposed corruption ii. magazine and newspaper articles iii. many won national acclaim a. Upton Sinclar's The Jungle

2. B. Reforms involving Children 1. Child labor a. children worked along side of parents in colonial period b. as people worked they brought their children with them c. long hours from 8 to 10 hrs per day d. dangerous conditions i. worked in tight places ii. high death rate & no education e.Florence Kelley i. Cornell B.A. ii. Univ. of Penn. refused admission iii. Masters Degree from University of Zurich in Sociology iv. could not find lawyers to argue child labor cases v. went to law school and becomes lawyer 2

3. a. wins a few cases & realizes need for laws vi. becomes secretary of the National Consumers League a. sponsors legislation, boycotts & education i. wants safe & healthy working conditions f. Edgar G. Murphy i. Alabama minister ii. started the National Child Labor Committee iii. drew up a model state child labor code iv. encouraged state and city campaigns & national movement v. 1905-1907 2/3rds states passed some child labor laws a. many loop holes & poorly enforced b. many opposed laws i. factory owners, people thought work good for children vi. Compulsory education did far more to end child labor 3

4. 2. Juvenile prison reforms a. Chicago & Denver start juvenile courts i. able to remove children from parents ii. place on probation or in foster homes b. courts overstep law & deny children rights 3. Innovations in Education a. John Dewey focused on child, instead of subject center b. promoted hands on approach to education c. moved away from rigid disciplinarian practices C. Reforms involving Women 1. for first time, argued that women were physically weaker 2. needed special protection 3. won some reforms on argument 4. led to segregated work force & gender specific jobs 4

5. D. Temperance 1. linked alcohol to slums, child labor, prostitution, abuse & corruption 2. W C T had some success a. outlawed liquor sales and distribution in 3 states 3. 1900 Anti Saloon League took lead a. 1907-1912 persuaded 7 states to pass laws against alcohol 4. WWI had most effect a. argued that excess grain needed for food not alcohol b. Congress approved 18th amendment Dec. 22, 1917 c. made sale, transportation and importation of alcohol illegal E. Prostitution 1. Progressive were moralists campaigned for their sense of decency 2. viewed this as worst evil in their society 5

6. 3. started in early 1800s but progressives accomplished something a.wrote reports,sought experts,justified elimination b. argued an economic approach i. factory work wasn't paying enough ii. factory owners argued a moral issue c. closed red light districts and a few brothels d. 1910 passed the Mann Act i. illegal interstate transportation of woman for immoral purposes e. failed to raise wages & economic reasons for prostitution F. Labor reforms 1. Progressives supported labor but opposed violence 2. Frederick Taylor chief engineer Midvale Steel Co/ Philadelphia a. 1898 timed each job & set up theory for assembly line b. Samuel Gompers of AFL opposed Taylor's methods 6

7. 3. The Courts a. Supreme Court rules against the unions b. Danbury Hatters case & Loewe v. Lawklor i. secondary boycotts violate the Sherman Anti-Trust Act ii. Unions responsible for damages and losses during strike c. issued injunctions & restraining orders 4. Women gained only minor support from labor a. women in work force increased over 60% during progressive era b. biggest employer of women was the garment industry i. centered in New York hired over 30,000 women ii. male supervisors bully the women workers iii. piece work, charged rent for sewing machines & electricity c. Intern. Ladies' Garment Workers & Women's Trade Union League i. 1909 strike forced 300 companies to accept terms 7

8. d. Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire Saturday March 25, 1911 i. fire in eighth floor of 10 story building ii. no fire escapes, elevators broken & doors locked iii. 100 perished in flames & 46 jumped to death iv. nation shocked & N.Y. legislature investigates vi. Legislature limits women to 54 hr. work wk. vii. prohibited child labor under age of 14 viii. some laws for improving safety in work place 9