2. CLASSICISM Ancient Greece & Rome 800 B.C – 450 A.D.

3. Philosophy of Art The arts present the universal idea of beauty through logic, order, reason and moderation. The purpose of the arts is to show perfection in human form and structure.

4. Characteristics of the Arts Art forms focus on the humanistic element “Super human” images and structures prevail Stories and dance expand on emotion Music is intellectual and scientific

5. THE GREEKS

6. Greek Art Ancient Greece gave us the basis for most of our formal structures and images Their ideals have been the measuring stick by which other styles were evaluated

7. The Devine Ratio: Phi The concept was first promoted by the Greek geometer Euclid It is based on the Fibonacci Sequence {1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,etc.} Like Pi, it is an irrational number {1.618033988…} We just call it 1.618

8. More on Phi It is said to exist in nature and dictates the best proportions that are pleasing to the eye

9. The Golden Section This is the geometric equivalent of Phi It can be applied to most works of art to determine their use of the Elements of Art through the Principles of Design The Greeks were masters in its’ use

10. The Parthenon The signature structure of Greek architecture Innovations include: post & lintel construction, sloping roof, colonnade A perfect example of the ideal of Phi Basis for design of Washington D.C.

11. More Parthenon Built as a temple to the goddess Athena Designed to be the feature building of the Acropolis Uses all Elements of Art in its’ design

13. How It Probably Looked

14. The Discus Thrower Completed by Myron in 450 B.C. The best example of classic Greek sculpture Shows the ideal of the perfect human form Well developed body in motion

16. The Column

17. Pythagoras – Music Theory Pythagoras was the first to experiment with and discuss the science of sound He discovered that two strings of equal tension produce the same sound. When divided in ½ the shorter string produces the same pitch 1 octave higher

18. Ancient Greek Music Music was inseparable from poetry and dance It was made up of mostly a simple melody with instrumental accompaniment Used in story telling and celebration

19. Major Instruments

20. Purposes of Music To tell stories – Many of Homer’s tales were sung to the audience To dance – either to tell stories or histories or convey emotion To celebrate – The festivals of the God Dionysus required music for merry making

21. Greek Drama Drama was a major source of entertainment in ancient Greece Performances would last for days usually organized around seasonal festivals Audiences could be as large as 30,000 people

22. More Greek Drama Stories included tragedies and comedies Tragedies: Stories in which the protagonist loses Comedies: Stories in which the protagonist wins

23. Oedipus Rex Tragedies were quite popular One of the most famous is Oedipus Rex by Sophocles It is the story of a man who kills his father and marries his mother to the ruin of all

24. Medea Medea by Euripides is considered the greatest tragedy and is still performed today It tells the story of a woman scorned by her husband She kills him and later their children in order to protect them

25. Drama Basics Presentation is similar to that of the Japanese Noh All actors are men Masks are worn to portray emotion and character elements Plots have many twists and turns

26. Three Great Playwrights

27. Literature - Homer Poet writer of great epic tales The Iliad: The story of the siege of Troy The Odyssey: The story of Ulysses’ wanderings These document many of the Greek myths and histories

28. Plato Considered the father of modern thought Developed the concept of the modern Democracy His writing “The Republic” is written in dialogue form to make his ideas understandable

29. Socrates A contemporary of Plato’s Believed in thought and teaching – ideas and knowledge are living things One should do what is right even when universally opposed

30. Aesop Thought to be a slave in the 6 th Century B.C. Wrote fables that told stories giving a moral message Used animals as human characters “The Tortoise & the Hare” is an example

31. THE ROMANS

32. Ancient Rome Rome was the largest geographic and strongest political empire of Europe for almost 1000 years While great innovators, they were not the creators that the Greeks were

33. Roman Art Because of their Etruscan heritage, the Romans were influenced by the Greeks Very interested in portraits Focused on reality more than Greeks

34. More Roman Art Later in the history of the Empire, they used art as propaganda for the greatness of Rome Throughout their history, they only gave religion a passing glace in their art

35. Innovations The Romans shared a love of large decorated structures with the Greeks This lead to advancements in building like: Concrete Arches Domes

36. Aqueducts Built to supply the city of Rome with water When Rome’s population was 1 million, the aqueducts supplied 1 cubic meter per person per day Arch construction was used to bridge valleys

37. The Coliseum Built as a source of entertainment for all Could seat 50,000 spectators Trap doors in the floor allowed for different entrances to the field A whole city existed below stage level Could be flooded for water battles

38. Coliseum II A canopy could be extended to give the spectators shade Home of the famous gladiator battles Also battle recreations, animal fights and other gruesome games were seen

40. The Pantheon Built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets The dome is concrete and meant to point to he heavens The opening is 27 feet wide and the source of light

41. Pantheon II It’s reflection of the Parthenon is evident from the front view The temple is a perfect circle capped by the dome It is another example of Phi Said to be the model of the US Capitol