1. 1 Sockets Programming in Linux References: Internetworking with TCP/IP Vol III - Linux version UNIX Network Programming - W. Richard Stevens

2. 2 Sockets Programming in Linux Linux / UNIX Socket API functions Example TCP / UDP Clients Example TCP / UDP Servers

3. 3 Basic Socket Functions Server(Linux / UNIX) Create a socket of a particular type –retcode = socket (family, type, protocol ) –s = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); –returns socket number or -1 on error Bind that socket to a specific port –retcode = bind (socket, localaddr, addrlen ) –n = bind (s, (struct sockaddr *)myaddr, sizeof(myaddr)); –returns 0 on success, -1 on fail

4. 4 Basic Socket Functions Server(Linux / UNIX) Wait for an incoming message –retcode = listen (socket, queuelen) –ans = listen(s, 0); /* queuelen max ~ 5*/ –return value 0 = success, -1 = fail Create a new socket and return new socket ID to client –retcode = accept (socket, addr, addrlen) –ans = accept (s, (struct sockaddr *)cl_addr, sizeof(cl_addr)); –return value socket number = success, -1 = fail

5. 5 Basic Socket Functions Server (Linux / UNIX) Read / send a message –retcode = read [write] (socket, buff, bufflen) –ans = read (s, buf, sizeof(buf)); –ans = write (s, buf, strlen(buf)); –return value word count = success, -1 = fail –retcode = recv [send] (socket, buff, bufflen, 0) –ans = recv (s, buf, sizeof(buf), 0); –ans = send (s, buf, strlen(buf), 0); –return value word count = success, -1 = fail Close the socket –retcode = shutdown (socket, direction) direction: 0 means input, 1 means output, 2 means both –retcode = close (socket ); –return value 0 = success, -1 = fail

6. 6 Basic Socket Functions Client (Linux / UNIX) Create a socket of a particular type –Socket ( ) Establish a connection to a remote Port/Socket –retcode = connect (socket, addr, addrlen) –ans = connect (s, (struct sockaddr *)&svr, sizeof(svr)) –return value 0 = success, -1 = fail Send and receive messages to/from remote socket –Read( ) / Write( ) of recv( ) / send( Close the socket –Close ( )

7. 7 Additional Socket Functions (Linux / UNIX) Byte ordering functions –servaddr.sin_port = htons (SERV_PORT) –myaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY) Name resolution functions –host / protocol / service, by name / address / port Other Stuff –zero out memory blocks bzero ((char *)&myaddr, sizeof(myaddr)); –copy memory blocks bcopy (hp->h_addr, (caddr_T)&svaddr.sin_addr, hp->h_length)

8. 8 Example Linux Client Develop a set of procedures that can be used by other programs to implement client / server. int connectTCP (host, service) int connectsock(host, service, “tcp”) [identify service, host, port] [get a socket] [connect to service / host / port] [return socket number]

9. 9 Linux Client - Connectsock.c intconnectTCP (char *host, char *service) { return connectsock (host, service, “tcp”); }

10. 10 Linux Client - Connectsock.c #include,,, int connectsock (char *host, char *service, char *protocol) { struct hostent*phe; struct servent*pse; struct protoent*ppe; struct sockaddr_in sin; int s, type;

11. 11 Linux Client - Connectsock.c bzero ((char *)&sin, sizeof (sin)); sin.sin_family = AF_INET; if (pse = getservbyname (service, protocol) ) sin.sin_port = pse ->s_port; else if ( (sin.sin_port = htons((u_short)atoi(service))) == 0) error_exit (“can’t get %s service\n”, service); if (phe = gethostbyname (host) ) bcopy(phe->h_addr, (char *)&sin.sin_addr, phe->h_length); else if ((sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(host)) == INADDR_NONE) error_exit (“can’t get %s host\n”, host);

12. 12 Linux Client - Connectsock.c if ( (ppe = getprotobyname (protocol) == 0) error_exit (“can’t get %s host\n”, host); if (strcmp (protocol, “tcp”) == 0) type = SOCK_STREAM; else type = SOCK_DGRAM; if (s = socket (PF_INET, type, ppe->p_proto)) < 0) error_exit (“Can’t create a socket\n”); if (connect (s, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0) error_exit (“can’t connect to remote socket\n”); return s; }

13. 13 Example Linux Client - TCPecho.c #include #define LINELEN128 int main (argc, argv) { host = argv[1]; service = argv[2]; TCPecho (host, service); exit (0); }

14. 14 Example Linux Client - TCPecho.c int TCPecho (char *host, char *service) { charbuf[LINELEN+1]; ints, n, outchars, inchars; s = connectTCP (host, service); while (fgets (buf, sizeof(buf), stdin)) { buf[LINELEN] = ‘\0’; outchars = strlen(buf); (void) write (s, buf, outchars);

15. 15 Example Linux Client - TCPecho.c for (inchars = 0; inchars < outchars; inchars +=n) { n = read (s, &buf[inchars], outchars - inchars); if (n < 0) error_exit(“socket read failed\n”); } fputs (buf, stdout); }

16. 16 TCP Client Algorithm Issues Client / Server Communications –request / response interaction –write / read (send / recv) Single write may require multiple reads –response may be segmented –continue appending reads until return length = 0

17. 17 Example Linux Client - UDPecho.c #include #define LINELEN128 int main (argc, argv) { host = argv[1]; service = argv[2]; UDPecho (host, service); exit (0); }

18. 18 Example Linux Client - UDPecho.c int UDPecho (char *host, char *service) { charbuf[LINELEN+1]; ints, n, outchars, inchars; s = connectUDP (host, service); while (fgets (buf, sizeof(buf), stdin)) { buf[LINELEN] = ‘\0’; outchars = strlen(buf); (void) write (s, buf, outchars);

19. 19 Example Linux Client - UDPecho.c if (read (s, buf, nchars) < 0) error_exit (“Socket read failed \n”); fputs (buf, stdout); }

20. 20 Iterative Connectionless Server TIME Server /* UDPtimed.c - main */ #include extern interrno; intpassiveUDP(const char *service); interrexit(const char *format,...); #define UNIXEPOCH2208988800 /* UNIX epoch, in secs*/

21. 21 Iterative Connectionless Server TIME Server int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct sockaddr_in fsin; /* the address of a client */ char* service = "time"; /* service name or port number */ char buf[1];/* "input" buffer; any size > 0 */ int sock;/* server socket*/ time_t now;/* current time*/ int alen;/* from-address length*/ switch (argc) { case1:break; case2:service = argv[1]; break; default:errexit("usage: UDPtimed [port]\n"); }

22. 22 Iterative Connectionless Server TIME Server sock = passiveUDP(service); while (1) { alen = sizeof(fsin); if (recvfrom(sock, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&fsin, &alen) < 0) errexit("recvfrom: %s\n", strerror(errno)); (void) time(&now); now = htonl((u_long)(now + UNIXEPOCH)); (void) sendto(sock, (char *)&now, sizeof(now), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&fsin, sizeof(fsin)); }

23. 23 Concurrent Connection-Oriented TCPechod.c #include,,,,,, #define QLEN 10/* max connect queue length*/ #define BUFSIZE 4096 extern interrno; void *TCPechod(void *pfd); interrexit(const char *format,...); intpassiveTCP(const char *service, int qlen);

24. 24 Concurrent Connection-Oriented TCPechod.c int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char *service = "echo"; /* service name/port #*/ struct sockaddr_in fsin;/* address of client*/ unsigned intalen;/* len of client addr*/ intmsock;/* master server socket*/ intssock;/* slave server socket*/ pthread_t tid; switch (argc) { case1:break; case2:service = argv[1]; break; default: errexit("usage: TCPechod [port]\n"); }

25. 25 Concurrent Connection-Oriented TCPechod.c msock = passiveTCP(service, QLEN); while (1) { alen = sizeof(fsin); ssock = accept (msock, (struct sockaddr *)&fsin, &alen); if (ssock < 0) { errexit("accept: %s\n", strerror(errno)); } //Now create a thread to handle client request pthread_create (&tid, NULL, &TCPechod, (void *)&ssock); } //end of while }//end of main

26. 26 Concurrent Connection-Oriented TCPechod.c msock = passiveTCP(service, QLEN); while (1) { alen = sizeof(fsin); ssock = accept(msock, (struct sockaddr *)&fsin, &alen); if (ssock < 0) { errexit("accept: %s\n", strerror(errno)); } //Now create a thread to handle client request pthread_create (&tid, NULL, &TCPechod, (void *)&ssock); } //end of while }//end of main

27. 27 Concurrent Connection-Oriented TCPechod.c void * TCPechod(void * pfd) { charbuf[BUFSIZE]; intcc, fd; fd = * (int *) pfd; while (cc = recv(fd, buf, sizeof (buf), 0)) { if (cc < 0) errexit("echo read: %s\n", strerror(errno)); printf ("We got: %s\n", buf); if (send(fd, buf, cc, 0) < 0) errexit("echo write: %s\n", strerror(errno)); bzero (&buf, sizeof(buf)); }

28. 28 Summary Sockets API almost identical in Windows and Linux –Linux does not use WSAStartup, WSACleanup –Linux uses close(socket), Windows uses closesocket() Some differences in Operating System functions –Multiple threads Windows - _beginthread (…) Linux – pthread_create (…) –Multiple Processes Windows – CreateProcess(…) Linux – Fork()